Alabama Course of Study: Grade 2
Skills available for Alabama second-grade language arts standards
Area
Print skill plan
Phonological Awareness/Phonemic Awareness
8 Apply knowledge of voiced and unvoiced sounds and manner of articulation to distinguish between commonly-confused vowel sounds and commonly-confused cognate consonant sounds.
Short and long vowels
Long vowels
Vowel teams
R-controlled vowels
Variant vowels
Silent letters
Diphthongs
Consonant blends and digraphs
8 Apply knowledge of voiced and unvoiced sounds and manner of articulation to distinguish between commonly-confused vowel sounds and commonly-confused cognate consonant sounds.
Short and long vowels
Long vowels
Vowel teams
R-controlled vowels
Variant vowels
Silent letters
Diphthongs
Consonant blends and digraphs
9 Demonstrate advanced phonemic awareness skills in spoken words.
9 Demonstrate advanced phonemic awareness skills in spoken words.
9.a: Add, delete, and substitute phonemes at the beginning, end, or middle of a spoken word made up of up to six phonemes and produce the resulting word.
Digraphs
Short vowels
Silent e
Vowel teams
R-controlled vowels
Variant vowels
Phoneme manipulation
9.a: Add, delete, and substitute phonemes at the beginning, end, or middle of a spoken word made up of up to six phonemes and produce the resulting word.
Digraphs
Short vowels
Silent e
Vowel teams
R-controlled vowels
Variant vowels
Phoneme manipulation
9.b: Delete the initial sound in an initial blend in a one-syllable base word.
9.b: Delete the initial sound in an initial blend in a one-syllable base word.
9.c: With prompting and support, delete the medial and final sounds in blends in one syllable base words.
9.c: With prompting and support, delete the medial and final sounds in blends in one syllable base words.
9.d: Apply phoneme chaining that changes only one sound at a time to show addition, deletion, substitution, and resequencing of sounds from one word to the next.
9.d: Apply phoneme chaining that changes only one sound at a time to show addition, deletion, substitution, and resequencing of sounds from one word to the next.
9.e: With prompting and support, reverse sounds within a word by saying the last sound first and the first sound last.
9.e: With prompting and support, reverse sounds within a word by saying the last sound first and the first sound last.
Phonics
10 Apply knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, and syllable division principles to decode and encode (spell) words accurately in isolation and in context.
10 Apply knowledge of phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, and syllable division principles to decode and encode (spell) words accurately in isolation and in context.
10.a: Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and schwa syllables.
Multisyllabic words
Silent e
Vowel teams
Consonant l-e
R-controlled words
10.a: Decode multisyllabic words with common syllable patterns, including open/closed, vowel-r, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, consonant-le, and schwa syllables.
Multisyllabic words
Silent e
Vowel teams
Consonant l-e
R-controlled words
10.b: Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.
10.b: Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to decode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words.
10.c: Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends and blends containing digraphs.
10.c: Decode and encode words with three-consonant blends and blends containing digraphs.
10.d: Decode and encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
10.d: Decode and encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
10.e: Decode and encode words with variable vowel teams and vowel diphthongs.
Vowel teams
Long vowels
Diphthongs
Variant vowels
10.e: Decode and encode words with variable vowel teams and vowel diphthongs.
Vowel teams
Long vowels
Diphthongs
Variant vowels
10.f: Decode and encode words with vowel-r combinations.
10.f: Decode and encode words with vowel-r combinations.
10.g: Decode and encode words that follow the -ild, -ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
10.g: Decode and encode words that follow the -ild, -ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
10.h: Decode and encode words with a after w read /ä/ and a before l read /â/.
10.h: Decode and encode words with a after w read /ä/ and a before l read /â/.
10.i: Decode and encode words with or after w read /er/.
10.i: Decode and encode words with or after w read /er/.
10.j: Decode and encode words with the hard and soft sounds of c and g, in context and in isolation.
10.j: Decode and encode words with the hard and soft sounds of c and g, in context and in isolation.
10.k: Decode and encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /ī/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /ē/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /ĭ/ sound for these words.
10.k: Decode and encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /ī/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /ē/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /ĭ/ sound for these words.
10.l: Decode words with silent letter combinations.
10.l: Decode words with silent letter combinations.
10.m: Decode and encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
Prefixes and suffixes
Inflectional endings
Plural nouns
Past tense
10.m: Decode and encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
Prefixes and suffixes
Inflectional endings
Plural nouns
Past tense
10.n: Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
10.n: Decode and encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
10.o: Decode and encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will.
Contractions
Pronoun-verb contractions
10.o: Decode and encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will.
Contractions
Pronoun-verb contractions
Fluency
11 Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to multisyllabic words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.
11 Apply previously-taught phoneme-grapheme correspondences to multisyllabic words with accuracy and automaticity, in and out of context.
12 Read and reread grade-appropriate text accurately, automatically, and with meaningful expression at a rate which supports comprehension.
12 Read and reread grade-appropriate text accurately, automatically, and with meaningful expression at a rate which supports comprehension.
13 Read grade-appropriate poetry, noticing phrasing, rhythm, and rhyme.
Poetry
Rhyme
13 Read grade-appropriate poetry, noticing phrasing, rhythm, and rhyme.
Poetry
Rhyme
14 Read high-frequency words commonly found in grade-appropriate text.
14 Read high-frequency words commonly found in grade-appropriate text.
Vocabulary
15 Utilize new academic, content-specific, grade-level vocabulary, making connections to previously learned words and relating new words to background knowledge.
15 Utilize new academic, content-specific, grade-level vocabulary, making connections to previously learned words and relating new words to background knowledge.
15.a: Make connections to a word's structure using knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography of the word to aid learning.
Prefixes
Suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes
Greek and Latin roots
Compound words
15.a: Make connections to a word's structure using knowledge of phonology, morphology, and orthography of the word to aid learning.
Prefixes
Suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes
Greek and Latin roots
Compound words
16 Describe word relationships and nuances in word meanings, including relating them to their opposites and distinguishing shades of meaning in similar or related words.
16 Describe word relationships and nuances in word meanings, including relating them to their opposites and distinguishing shades of meaning in similar or related words.
16.a: Use knowledge of antonyms and synonyms.
Synonyms
Antonyms
16.a: Use knowledge of antonyms and synonyms.
Synonyms
Antonyms
16.b: Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs and adjectives.
16.b: Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs and adjectives.
16.c: Use knowledge of homophones to determine use of the correct word.
16.c: Use knowledge of homophones to determine use of the correct word.
16.d: With prompting and support, interpret figurative language.
16.d: With prompting and support, interpret figurative language.
17 Analyze meaningful parts of words and phrases in discussions and/or text.
17 Analyze meaningful parts of words and phrases in discussions and/or text.
17.a: Identify possessives and plurals and use them as clues to the meaning of text.
17.a: Identify possessives and plurals and use them as clues to the meaning of text.
17.b: Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unknown words, including base words, compound words, and frequently occurring affixes and inflections.
Prefixes
Suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes
Greek and Latin roots
Compound words
Inflectional endings
17.b: Identify meaningful parts of words (morphemes) and use them as clues to the meaning of unknown words, including base words, compound words, and frequently occurring affixes and inflections.
Prefixes
Suffixes
Prefixes and suffixes
Greek and Latin roots
Compound words
Inflectional endings
18 Use dictionary definitions and information found within the text to help determine meaning of unfamiliar or multi-meaning words.
Reference skills
Context clues
Multiple-meaning words
18 Use dictionary definitions and information found within the text to help determine meaning of unfamiliar or multi-meaning words.
Reference skills
Context clues
Multiple-meaning words
19 Identify new vocabulary and the use of word meanings in text to establish real-life connections.
Categories
Multiple-meaning words
Verbs
Adjectives
Prepositions
19 Identify new vocabulary and the use of word meanings in text to establish real-life connections.
Categories
Multiple-meaning words
Verbs
Adjectives
Prepositions
20 Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary to gain meaning from text.
20 Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary to gain meaning from text.
21 Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary in writing.
21 Use grade-level academic and domain-specific vocabulary in writing.
Comprehension
22 Use content knowledge built during read-alouds and independent reading of informational and literary texts by participating in content-specific discussions with peers and/or through writing.
22 Use content knowledge built during read-alouds and independent reading of informational and literary texts by participating in content-specific discussions with peers and/or through writing.
23 Identify the main story elements in a literary text.
23 Identify the main story elements in a literary text.
23.a: Explain the plot of a narrative, using textual evidence to list the major events in sequence.
23.a: Explain the plot of a narrative, using textual evidence to list the major events in sequence.
23.b: Describe the characters' traits, feelings, and behaviors in a story.
23.b: Describe the characters' traits, feelings, and behaviors in a story.
23.c: Describe the setting of a narrative, using textual evidence.
23.c: Describe the setting of a narrative, using textual evidence.
23.d: Identify the central message or moral of a story.
23.d: Identify the central message or moral of a story.
23.e: Identify the theme in myths, fables, and folktales.
23.e: Identify the theme in myths, fables, and folktales.
24 Identify the main idea and supporting details of literary and informational texts.
24 Identify the main idea and supporting details of literary and informational texts.
24.a: Explain how the supporting details contribute to the main idea.
24.a: Explain how the supporting details contribute to the main idea.
24.b: Recount or summarize key ideas from the text.
24.b: Recount or summarize key ideas from the text.
25 Identify and use various text features to locate ideas, facts, or supporting details in both written and digital formats.
25 Identify and use various text features to locate ideas, facts, or supporting details in both written and digital formats.
25.a: Identify and locate captions, bold print, subheadings, indexes, graphs, maps, glossaries, and illustrations.
25.a: Identify and locate captions, bold print, subheadings, indexes, graphs, maps, glossaries, and illustrations.
25.b: Explain how specific features can clarify a text or enhance comprehension.
25.b: Explain how specific features can clarify a text or enhance comprehension.
26 Compare and contrast important details presented by two texts on the same topic or theme.
26 Compare and contrast important details presented by two texts on the same topic or theme.
26.a: Compare and contrast different versions of the same story by different authors, from different cultures, or from different points of view.
26.a: Compare and contrast different versions of the same story by different authors, from different cultures, or from different points of view.
26.b: Compare and contrast story elements of literary texts.
26.b: Compare and contrast story elements of literary texts.
27 Identify the text structures within literary and informational texts, including cause and effect, problem and solution, and sequence of events.
Literary texts
Informational texts
27 Identify the text structures within literary and informational texts, including cause and effect, problem and solution, and sequence of events.
Literary texts
Informational texts
28 Establish a purpose before reading literary and informational texts to enhance comprehension.
28 Establish a purpose before reading literary and informational texts to enhance comprehension.
29 With prompting and support, identify and interpret various cohesive devices that help link words and sentences to one another within the text as a scaffold to help build comprehension at the sentence and paragraph level.
29 With prompting and support, identify and interpret various cohesive devices that help link words and sentences to one another within the text as a scaffold to help build comprehension at the sentence and paragraph level.
30 Read and comprehend literary and informational texts.
30 Read and comprehend literary and informational texts.
30.a: State and confirm predictions about a text.
30.a: State and confirm predictions about a text.
30.b: Use background knowledge to make connections to new text.
30.b: Use background knowledge to make connections to new text.
30.c: Draw conclusions based on the text.
Character analysis
Point of view
Inferences
Theme
Main idea
Read-along literary texts
Read-alone literary texts
Read-along informational texts
Read-alone informational texts
30.c: Draw conclusions based on the text.
Character analysis
Point of view
Inferences
Theme
Main idea
Read-along literary texts
Read-alone literary texts
Read-along informational texts
Read-alone informational texts
31 Use information from a text to determine the author's purpose in different forms of informational and literary texts.
31 Use information from a text to determine the author's purpose in different forms of informational and literary texts.
32 Identify rhyme schemes in poems or songs.
32 Identify rhyme schemes in poems or songs.
33 Read and identify types of poems, including free verse, rhymed verse, haiku, and limerick.
33 Read and identify types of poems, including free verse, rhymed verse, haiku, and limerick.
34 Differentiate between fact and opinion in a text.
34 Differentiate between fact and opinion in a text.
34.a: Use prior knowledge and information gathered from research to evaluate opinions in texts.
34.a: Use prior knowledge and information gathered from research to evaluate opinions in texts.
34.b: Use textual evidence and gathered research from reliable sources to prove facts.
34.b: Use textual evidence and gathered research from reliable sources to prove facts.
35 Demonstrate listening skills and build background knowledge by asking and answering questions about texts read aloud.
35 Demonstrate listening skills and build background knowledge by asking and answering questions about texts read aloud.
36 Manipulate words and/or phrases to create simple and compound sentences, including coordinating conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, to help build syntactic awareness and comprehension at the sentence level.
Subjects and predicates
Sentences, fragments, and run-ons
Sentence variety
Simple and compound sentences
Combine sentences
Conjunctions
36 Manipulate words and/or phrases to create simple and compound sentences, including coordinating conjunctions for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so, to help build syntactic awareness and comprehension at the sentence level.
Subjects and predicates
Sentences, fragments, and run-ons
Sentence variety
Simple and compound sentences
Combine sentences
Conjunctions
Writing
37 Write legibly.
37 Write legibly.
37.a: Write words and sentences fluently using correctly-formed manuscript letters with appropriate size and spacing.
37.a: Write words and sentences fluently using correctly-formed manuscript letters with appropriate size and spacing.
37.b: Demonstrate cursive writing strokes, including undercurve, overcurve, downcurve, and slant.
37.b: Demonstrate cursive writing strokes, including undercurve, overcurve, downcurve, and slant.
37.c: Form uppercase and lowercase letters in cursive.
37.c: Form uppercase and lowercase letters in cursive.
38 Apply knowledge of grade-appropriate phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, syllable division principles, and spelling rules (or generalizations) to encode words accurately.
38 Apply knowledge of grade-appropriate phoneme-grapheme correspondences, multisyllabic word construction, syllable division principles, and spelling rules (or generalizations) to encode words accurately.
38.a: Encode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words using knowledge of syllable types, including open, closed, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, vowel-r, and consonant-le.
Open and closed syllables
Consonant-l-e
38.a: Encode grade-appropriate multisyllabic words using knowledge of syllable types, including open, closed, vowel-consonant-e, vowel teams, vowel-r, and consonant-le.
Open and closed syllables
Consonant-l-e
38.b: Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to encode grade-appropriate words correctly.
Syllables
Two-syllable words
Compound words
38.b: Apply knowledge of multisyllabic word construction and syllable division principles to encode grade-appropriate words correctly.
Syllables
Two-syllable words
Compound words
38.c: Encode words with final /v/ and /j/ sounds using knowledge that no English word ends with a v or j.
38.c: Encode words with final /v/ and /j/ sounds using knowledge that no English word ends with a v or j.
38.d: Encode one- and two-syllable words with long and short vowel patterns.
Short vowels
Long vowels
38.d: Encode one- and two-syllable words with long and short vowel patterns.
Short vowels
Long vowels
38.e: Encode words with two- and three-consonant blends, including those containing digraphs.
38.e: Encode words with two- and three-consonant blends, including those containing digraphs.
38.f: Encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
38.f: Encode words with consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and combinations.
38.g: Encode words with the common vowel teams, including diphthongs.
38.g: Encode words with the common vowel teams, including diphthongs.
38.h: Encode words with vowel-r combinations.
38.h: Encode words with vowel-r combinations.
38.i: Encode words that follow the -ild, -⁠ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
38.i: Encode words that follow the -ild, -⁠ost, -old, -olt, and -ind patterns.
38.j: Encode words with a after w read /⁠ä⁠/ and a before l read /â/.
38.j: Encode words with a after w read /⁠ä⁠/ and a before l read /â/.
38.k: Encode words with or after w read /er/.
38.k: Encode words with or after w read /er/.
38.l: Encode words with hard and soft c and g.
38.l: Encode words with hard and soft c and g.
38.m: Encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /ī/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /ē/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /ĭ/ sound for these words.
38.m: Encode words with vowel y in the final position of one and two syllable words, distinguishing the difference between the long /ī/ sound in one-syllable words and the long /ē/ sound in two-syllable words, and words with vowel y in medial position, producing the short /ĭ/ sound for these words.
38.n: Encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
38.n: Encode words with prefixes and suffixes, including words with dropped e and y-to-i changes for suffix addition.
38.o: Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
38.o: Encode grade-appropriate high frequency words that are spelled using predictable, decodable phoneme-grapheme correspondences, including those that contain only one irregularity.
38.p: Encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will, using apostrophes appropriately.
38.p: Encode contractions with am, is, has, not, have, would, and will, using apostrophes appropriately.
38.q: Encode frequently confused homophones accurately, using knowledge of English orthography and meaning to facilitate learning.
38.q: Encode frequently confused homophones accurately, using knowledge of English orthography and meaning to facilitate learning.
39 Organize a list of words into alphabetical order according to first, second, and third letters.
39 Organize a list of words into alphabetical order according to first, second, and third letters.
40 Write a personal or fictional narrative using a logical sequence of events, including details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings and providing a sense of closure.
Sequence
Topic sentences
Descriptive details
40 Write a personal or fictional narrative using a logical sequence of events, including details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings and providing a sense of closure.
Sequence
Topic sentences
Descriptive details
41 Write informative or explanatory texts, introducing the topic, providing facts and relevant details to develop points, and providing a conclusion.
41 Write informative or explanatory texts, introducing the topic, providing facts and relevant details to develop points, and providing a conclusion.
42 Write an opinion piece about a topic or text with details to support the opinion, using transitional words and providing a sense of closure.
Facts and opinions
Opinions, reasons, and examples
Conjunctions and linking words
42 Write an opinion piece about a topic or text with details to support the opinion, using transitional words and providing a sense of closure.
Facts and opinions
Opinions, reasons, and examples
Conjunctions and linking words
43 Write complete sentences demonstrating knowledge of punctuation conventions.
43 Write complete sentences demonstrating knowledge of punctuation conventions.
43.a: Utilize commas with words in a series in a sentence.
43.a: Utilize commas with words in a series in a sentence.
43.b: Use apostrophes to form contractions and possessives.
Possessives
Contractions
43.b: Use apostrophes to form contractions and possessives.
Possessives
Contractions
43.c: Use punctuation to set off interjections.
43.c: Use punctuation to set off interjections.
43.d: Expand sentences using frequently-occurring conjunctions.
Conjunctions
Combine sentences
43.d: Expand sentences using frequently-occurring conjunctions.
Conjunctions
Combine sentences
44 With prompting and support, compose and develop a well-organized paragraph with a topic sentence, details to support, and a concluding sentence.
Topic sentences
Supporting details
44 With prompting and support, compose and develop a well-organized paragraph with a topic sentence, details to support, and a concluding sentence.
Topic sentences
Supporting details
45 Demonstrate understanding of standard English language conventions when writing.
45 Demonstrate understanding of standard English language conventions when writing.
45.a: Identify the role of a noun, verb, adjective, and adverb within a sentence and explain the type of the information it conveys.
Nouns
Common and proper nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adjectives and adverbs
45.a: Identify the role of a noun, verb, adjective, and adverb within a sentence and explain the type of the information it conveys.
Nouns
Common and proper nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adjectives and adverbs
45.b: Form regular nouns and verbs by adding -s or -es.
45.b: Form regular nouns and verbs by adding -s or -es.
45.c: Form and use simple present and past verb tenses.
45.c: Form and use simple present and past verb tenses.
45.d: Form plurals by changing -y to -ies.
45.d: Form plurals by changing -y to -ies.
45.e: Form and use frequently-occurring irregular plural nouns and verbs.
Irregular plural nouns
Irregular past tense
To be and to have
45.e: Form and use frequently-occurring irregular plural nouns and verbs.
Irregular plural nouns
Irregular past tense
To be and to have
45.f: Use plural possessives.
45.f: Use plural possessives.
46 Gather and use research to answer questions to complete a research product.
46 Gather and use research to answer questions to complete a research product.
46.a: Create topics of interest for a research project.
46.a: Create topics of interest for a research project.
46.b: Create questions to gather information for a research project.
46.b: Create questions to gather information for a research project.
46.c: Find information from a variety of sources.
46.c: Find information from a variety of sources.
46.d: Define plagiarism and explain the importance of using their own words.
46.d: Define plagiarism and explain the importance of using their own words.