IXL Skill Plan | Florida's B.E.S.T. Standards: Grade 9

Florida's B.E.S.T. Standards: Grade 9

Skills available for Florida ninth-grade language arts standards

Strand

Reading
Communication
Vocabulary

Print skill plan

ELA.9.R	Reading
ELA.9.R.1 Reading Prose and Poetry
ELA.9.R.1.1 Explain how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text.		Tone 1. Compare passages for tone Point of view 2. Identify the narrative point of view Theme 3. Determine the themes of short stories Literary devices 4. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 5. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone Mixed practice: short stories 6. Analyze short stories: set 1 7. Analyze short stories: set 2 Mixed practice: literary passages 8. Analyze passages from To Kill a Mockingbird: Part 1 9. Analyze passages from To Kill a Mockingbird: Part 2
ELA.9.R.1.1 Explain how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text.
Tone 1. Compare passages for tone Point of view 2. Identify the narrative point of view Theme 3. Determine the themes of short stories Literary devices 4. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 5. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone Mixed practice: short stories 6. Analyze short stories: set 1 7. Analyze short stories: set 2 Mixed practice: literary passages 8. Analyze passages from To Kill a Mockingbird: Part 1 9. Analyze passages from To Kill a Mockingbird: Part 2

ELA.9.R.1.2 Analyze universal themes and their development throughout a literary text.		Skill development: theme 1. Match the quotations with their themes
ELA.9.R.1.2 Analyze universal themes and their development throughout a literary text.
Skill development: theme 1. Match the quotations with their themes

ELA.9.R.1.3 Analyze the influence of narrator perspective on a text, explaining how the author creates irony or satire.
ELA.9.R.1.3 Analyze the influence of narrator perspective on a text, explaining how the author creates irony or satire.


ELA.9.R.1.4 Analyze the characters, structures, and themes of epic poetry.		Skill development: poetic elements 1. Identify elements of poetry
ELA.9.R.1.4 Analyze the characters, structures, and themes of epic poetry.
Skill development: poetic elements 1. Identify elements of poetry
ELA.9.R.2 Reading Informational Text
ELA.9.R.2.1 Analyze how multiple text structures and/or features convey a purpose and/or meaning in texts.		Text structure in informational passages 1. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 1 2. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2 Mixed practice: structure in nonfiction passages 3. Analyze passages from Night: Part 1 4. Analyze passages from Night: Part 2 Skill development: text structures 5. Identify text structures Skill development: text features 6. Read graphic organizers
ELA.9.R.2.1 Analyze how multiple text structures and/or features convey a purpose and/or meaning in texts.
Text structure in informational passages 1. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 1 2. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2 Mixed practice: structure in nonfiction passages 3. Analyze passages from Night: Part 1 4. Analyze passages from Night: Part 2 Skill development: text structures 5. Identify text structures Skill development: text features 6. Read graphic organizers

ELA.9.R.2.2 Evaluate the support an author uses to develop the central idea(s) throughout a text.		Central ideas in argumentative passages 1. Trace an argument: set 1 2. Trace an argument: set 2 Central ideas in informational passages 3. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 1 4. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2 Skill development: central idea 5. Determine the central idea of a passage Skill development: supporting details 6. Identify supporting evidence in a text
ELA.9.R.2.2 Evaluate the support an author uses to develop the central idea(s) throughout a text.
Central ideas in argumentative passages 1. Trace an argument: set 1 2. Trace an argument: set 2 Central ideas in informational passages 3. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 1 4. Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2 Skill development: central idea 5. Determine the central idea of a passage Skill development: supporting details 6. Identify supporting evidence in a text

ELA.9.R.2.3 Analyze how an author establishes and achieves purpose(s) through rhetorical appeals and/or figurative language.		Author's purpose and perspective 1. Identify audience and purpose Rhetorical appeals 2. Use appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in persuasive writing Rhetorical appeals in historical passages 3. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 1 4. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 2 Skill development: rhetorical appeals 5. Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements Figurative language 6. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone
ELA.9.R.2.3 Analyze how an author establishes and achieves purpose(s) through rhetorical appeals and/or figurative language.
Author's purpose and perspective 1. Identify audience and purpose Rhetorical appeals 2. Use appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in persuasive writing Rhetorical appeals in historical passages 3. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 1 4. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 2 Skill development: rhetorical appeals 5. Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements Figurative language 6. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone

ELA.9.R.2.4 Compare the development of two opposing arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims.		Skill development: argument analysis 1. Trace an argument: set 1 2. Trace an argument: set 2 Skill development: supporting evidence 3. Identify stronger and weaker evidence to support a claim 4. Choose the best evidence to support a claim 5. Identify supporting evidence in a text Skill development: counterclaims 6. Evaluate counterclaims Skill development: logical fallacies 7. Classify logical fallacies
ELA.9.R.2.4 Compare the development of two opposing arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims.
Skill development: argument analysis 1. Trace an argument: set 1 2. Trace an argument: set 2 Skill development: supporting evidence 3. Identify stronger and weaker evidence to support a claim 4. Choose the best evidence to support a claim 5. Identify supporting evidence in a text Skill development: counterclaims 6. Evaluate counterclaims Skill development: logical fallacies 7. Classify logical fallacies
ELA.9.R.3 Reading Across Genres
ELA.9.R.3.1 Explain how figurative language creates mood in text(s).		Skill development: figurative language 1. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 2. Interpret figures of speech 3. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone
ELA.9.R.3.1 Explain how figurative language creates mood in text(s).
Skill development: figurative language 1. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 2. Interpret figures of speech 3. Analyze the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone

ELA.9.R.3.2 Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.		Extension: plagiarism and appropriate paraphrasing 1. Identify plagiarism
ELA.9.R.3.2 Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.
Extension: plagiarism and appropriate paraphrasing 1. Identify plagiarism

ELA.9.R.3.3 Compare and contrast the ways in which authors have adapted mythical, classical, or religious literary texts.
ELA.9.R.3.3 Compare and contrast the ways in which authors have adapted mythical, classical, or religious literary texts.


ELA.9.R.3.4 Explain an author's use of rhetoric in a text.		Rhetoric 1. Use appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in persuasive writing Rhetoric in historical passages 2. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 1 3. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 2 Skill development: rhetoric 4. Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements
ELA.9.R.3.4 Explain an author's use of rhetoric in a text.
Rhetoric 1. Use appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in persuasive writing Rhetoric in historical passages 2. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 1 3. Analyze rhetorical strategies in historical texts: set 2 Skill development: rhetoric 4. Identify appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos in advertisements

ELA.9.C	Communication
ELA.9.C.1 Communicating Through Writing
ELA.9.C.1.2 Write narratives using narrative techniques, varied transitions, and a clearly established point of view.		Transitions 1. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 2. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Writing techniques 3. Create varied sentences based on models 4. Use personification 5. Replace words using a thesaurus Skill development: point of view 6. Identify the narrative point of view
ELA.9.C.1.2 Write narratives using narrative techniques, varied transitions, and a clearly established point of view.
Transitions 1. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 2. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Writing techniques 3. Create varied sentences based on models 4. Use personification 5. Replace words using a thesaurus Skill development: point of view 6. Identify the narrative point of view

ELA.9.C.1.3 Write to argue a position, supporting claims using logical reasoning and credible evidence from multiple sources, rebutting counterclaims with relevant evidence, using a logical organizational structure, elaboration, purposeful transitions, and a tone appropriate to the task.		Thesis statements 1. Identify thesis statements Supporting evidence 2. Distinguish facts from opinions 3. Identify stronger and weaker evidence to support a claim 4. Choose the best evidence to support a claim 5. Identify supporting evidence in a text Counterclaims 6. Evaluate counterclaims Transitions 7. Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim 8. Transition logically between claims, evidence, analysis, and counterclaims 9. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 10. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Tone 11. Which text is most formal? 12. Compare passages for subjective and objective tone Skill development: logical fallacies 13. Classify logical fallacies
ELA.9.C.1.3 Write to argue a position, supporting claims using logical reasoning and credible evidence from multiple sources, rebutting counterclaims with relevant evidence, using a logical organizational structure, elaboration, purposeful transitions, and a tone appropriate to the task.
Thesis statements 1. Identify thesis statements Supporting evidence 2. Distinguish facts from opinions 3. Identify stronger and weaker evidence to support a claim 4. Choose the best evidence to support a claim 5. Identify supporting evidence in a text Counterclaims 6. Evaluate counterclaims Transitions 7. Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim 8. Transition logically between claims, evidence, analysis, and counterclaims 9. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 10. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Tone 11. Which text is most formal? 12. Compare passages for subjective and objective tone Skill development: logical fallacies 13. Classify logical fallacies

ELA.9.C.1.4 Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources, using a logical organization, varied purposeful transitions, and a tone appropriate to the task.		Topic sentences 1. Choose the topic sentence that best captures the central idea Organization 2. Organize information by topic Transitions 3. Transition logically between claims, evidence, analysis, and counterclaims 4. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 5. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Tone 6. Which text is most formal? 7. Compare passages for subjective and objective tone Supporting evidence 8. Identify supporting evidence in a text Skill development: organization 9. Order topics from broadest to narrowest
ELA.9.C.1.4 Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources, using a logical organization, varied purposeful transitions, and a tone appropriate to the task.
Topic sentences 1. Choose the topic sentence that best captures the central idea Organization 2. Organize information by topic Transitions 3. Transition logically between claims, evidence, analysis, and counterclaims 4. Transitions with conjunctive adverbs 5. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Tone 6. Which text is most formal? 7. Compare passages for subjective and objective tone Supporting evidence 8. Identify supporting evidence in a text Skill development: organization 9. Order topics from broadest to narrowest

ELA.9.C.1.5 Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools, revising for clarity and cohesiveness.		Organization 1. Organize information by topic Sentence structure 2. Use parallel structure 3. Identify sentence fragments 4. Identify run-on sentences 5. Choose punctuation to avoid fragments and run-ons 6. Combine sentences using relative clauses Revision 7. Remove redundant words or phrases 8. Use the correct frequently confused word 9. Identify and correct errors with frequently confused words 10. Identify and correct errors with frequently confused pronouns and contractions 11. Correct errors with commonly misspelled words 12. Correct errors with signs 13. Correct errors in everyday use 14. Suggest appropriate revisions Plagiarism 15. Identify plagiarism
ELA.9.C.1.5 Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools, revising for clarity and cohesiveness.
Organization 1. Organize information by topic Sentence structure 2. Use parallel structure 3. Identify sentence fragments 4. Identify run-on sentences 5. Choose punctuation to avoid fragments and run-ons 6. Combine sentences using relative clauses Revision 7. Remove redundant words or phrases 8. Use the correct frequently confused word 9. Identify and correct errors with frequently confused words 10. Identify and correct errors with frequently confused pronouns and contractions 11. Correct errors with commonly misspelled words 12. Correct errors with signs 13. Correct errors in everyday use 14. Suggest appropriate revisions Plagiarism 15. Identify plagiarism
ELA.9.C.2 Communicating Orally
ELA.9.C.2.1 Present information orally, with a logical organization and coherent focus, with credible evidence, creating a clear perspective.
ELA.9.C.2.1 Present information orally, with a logical organization and coherent focus, with credible evidence, creating a clear perspective.

ELA.9.C.3 Following Conventions
ELA.9.C.3.1 Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.		Phrases and clauses 1. Is it a phrase or a clause? 2. Identify prepositional phrases 3. Identify appositives and appositive phrases 4. Identify dependent and independent clauses 5. Combine sentences using relative clauses Parallel structure 6. Identify sentences with parallel structure 7. Use parallel structure Commas 8. Commas with direct addresses, introductory words, interjections, interrupters, and antithetical phrases 9. Commas with series, dates, and places 10. Commas with compound and complex sentences 11. Commas with coordinate adjectives 12. Commas: review 13. Commas with direct addresses, introductory elements, absolute phrases, interjections, interrupters, and antithetical phrases Commas with restrictive and nonrestrictive elements 14. What does the punctuation suggest? 15. Commas with nonrestrictive elements Semicolons, colons, and commas 16. Use semicolons and commas to separate clauses 17. Use semicolons, colons, and commas with lists 18. Semicolons, colons, and commas: review Dashes, hyphens, and ellipses 19. Use dashes 20. Use hyphens in compound adjectives 21. Decide whether ellipses are used appropriately Punctuating quotations and dialogue 22. Formatting quotations and dialogue Capitalization 23. Correct capitalization errors 24. Capitalizing titles Spelling 25. Learn to spell common words: set 1 26. Learn to spell common words: set 2 27. Spell common words: sets 1 and 2 28. Learn to spell common words: set 3 29. Learn to spell common words: set 4 30. Spell common words: sets 3 and 4 31. Spell common words: review sets 1–4 Skill development: sentences, fragments, and run-ons 32. Identify sentence fragments 33. Identify run-on sentences 34. Choose punctuation to avoid fragments and run-ons Skill development: plural and possessive nouns 35. Form and use plurals: review 36. Form and use plurals of compound nouns 37. Identify and correct errors with plural and possessive nouns 38. Identify and correct errors with compound and joint possession Skill development: pronouns and antecedents 39. Identify vague pronoun references 40. Identify all of the possible antecedents 41. Correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person Skill development: subject and object pronouns 42. Identify and correct errors with subject and object pronouns 43. Subject and object pronouns review 44. Pronouns after "than" and "as" Skill development: relative pronouns 45. Identify and correct pronoun errors with "who" 46. Use relative pronouns: who and whom 47. Use relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that Skill development: adjectives and adverbs 48. Choose between adjectives and adverbs 49. Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives 50. Good, better, best, bad, worse, and worst 51. Form and use comparative and superlative adverbs 52. Well, better, best, badly, worse, and worst Skill development: subject-verb agreement 53. Identify and correct errors with subject-verb agreement 54. Identify and correct errors with indefinite pronoun-verb agreement 55. Identify and correct verb agreement with compound subjects Skill development: verb tense 56. Simple past, present, and future tense: review 57. Form the progressive verb tenses 58. Form the perfect verb tenses 59. Identify and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense Skill development: verb mood 60. Correct errors with verb mood Skill development: active and passive voice 61. Rewrite the sentence in active voice Skill development: conjunctions 62. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Skill development: modifiers 63. Misplaced modifiers with pictures 64. Select the misplaced or dangling modifier 65. Are the modifiers used correctly?
ELA.9.C.3.1 Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.
Phrases and clauses 1. Is it a phrase or a clause? 2. Identify prepositional phrases 3. Identify appositives and appositive phrases 4. Identify dependent and independent clauses 5. Combine sentences using relative clauses Parallel structure 6. Identify sentences with parallel structure 7. Use parallel structure Commas 8. Commas with direct addresses, introductory words, interjections, interrupters, and antithetical phrases 9. Commas with series, dates, and places 10. Commas with compound and complex sentences 11. Commas with coordinate adjectives 12. Commas: review 13. Commas with direct addresses, introductory elements, absolute phrases, interjections, interrupters, and antithetical phrases Commas with restrictive and nonrestrictive elements 14. What does the punctuation suggest? 15. Commas with nonrestrictive elements Semicolons, colons, and commas 16. Use semicolons and commas to separate clauses 17. Use semicolons, colons, and commas with lists 18. Semicolons, colons, and commas: review Dashes, hyphens, and ellipses 19. Use dashes 20. Use hyphens in compound adjectives 21. Decide whether ellipses are used appropriately Punctuating quotations and dialogue 22. Formatting quotations and dialogue Capitalization 23. Correct capitalization errors 24. Capitalizing titles Spelling 25. Learn to spell common words: set 1 26. Learn to spell common words: set 2 27. Spell common words: sets 1 and 2 28. Learn to spell common words: set 3 29. Learn to spell common words: set 4 30. Spell common words: sets 3 and 4 31. Spell common words: review sets 1–4 Skill development: sentences, fragments, and run-ons 32. Identify sentence fragments 33. Identify run-on sentences 34. Choose punctuation to avoid fragments and run-ons Skill development: plural and possessive nouns 35. Form and use plurals: review 36. Form and use plurals of compound nouns 37. Identify and correct errors with plural and possessive nouns 38. Identify and correct errors with compound and joint possession Skill development: pronouns and antecedents 39. Identify vague pronoun references 40. Identify all of the possible antecedents 41. Correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person Skill development: subject and object pronouns 42. Identify and correct errors with subject and object pronouns 43. Subject and object pronouns review 44. Pronouns after "than" and "as" Skill development: relative pronouns 45. Identify and correct pronoun errors with "who" 46. Use relative pronouns: who and whom 47. Use relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, and that Skill development: adjectives and adverbs 48. Choose between adjectives and adverbs 49. Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives 50. Good, better, best, bad, worse, and worst 51. Form and use comparative and superlative adverbs 52. Well, better, best, badly, worse, and worst Skill development: subject-verb agreement 53. Identify and correct errors with subject-verb agreement 54. Identify and correct errors with indefinite pronoun-verb agreement 55. Identify and correct verb agreement with compound subjects Skill development: verb tense 56. Simple past, present, and future tense: review 57. Form the progressive verb tenses 58. Form the perfect verb tenses 59. Identify and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense Skill development: verb mood 60. Correct errors with verb mood Skill development: active and passive voice 61. Rewrite the sentence in active voice Skill development: conjunctions 62. Use the correct pair of correlative conjunctions Skill development: modifiers 63. Misplaced modifiers with pictures 64. Select the misplaced or dangling modifier 65. Are the modifiers used correctly?
ELA.9.C.4 Researching
ELA.9.C.4.1 Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources, and refining the scope of the question to align with findings.		Citations 1. Understand a Works Cited entry (MLA 8th–9th editions) 2. Recognize the parts of a Works Cited entry (MLA 8th–9th editions) 3. Use in-text citations (MLA 8th–9th editions) Plagiarism 4. Identify plagiarism
ELA.9.C.4.1 Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources, and refining the scope of the question to align with findings.
Citations 1. Understand a Works Cited entry (MLA 8th–9th editions) 2. Recognize the parts of a Works Cited entry (MLA 8th–9th editions) 3. Use in-text citations (MLA 8th–9th editions) Plagiarism 4. Identify plagiarism
ELA.9.C.5 Creating and Collaborating
ELA.9.C.5.1 Create digital presentations with coherent ideas and a clear perspective.
ELA.9.C.5.1 Create digital presentations with coherent ideas and a clear perspective.


ELA.9.C.5.2 Use online collaborative platforms to create and export publication-ready quality writing tailored to a specific audience.
ELA.9.C.5.2 Use online collaborative platforms to create and export publication-ready quality writing tailored to a specific audience.

ELA.9.V	Vocabulary
ELA.9.V.1 Finding Meaning
ELA.9.V.1.1 Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.		Skill development: domain-specific vocabulary 1. Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures
ELA.9.V.1.1 Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.
Skill development: domain-specific vocabulary 1. Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures

ELA.9.V.1.2 Apply knowledge of etymology and derivations to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.		Etymologies 1. Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words Greek and Latin roots 2. Sort words by shared Greek or Latin roots 3. Use Greek and Latin roots as clues to the meanings of words 4. Use words as clues to the meanings of Greek and Latin roots 5. Determine the meanings of Greek and Latin roots 6. Determine the meanings of words with Greek and Latin roots Prefixes 7. Words with pre- 8. Words with re- 9. Words with sub- 10. Words with mis- 11. Words with un-, dis-, in-, im-, and non- Suffixes 12. Words with -ful 13. Words with -less 14. Words with -able and -ible Word patterns 15. Word pattern analogies 16. Word pattern sentences
ELA.9.V.1.2 Apply knowledge of etymology and derivations to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.
Etymologies 1. Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words Greek and Latin roots 2. Sort words by shared Greek or Latin roots 3. Use Greek and Latin roots as clues to the meanings of words 4. Use words as clues to the meanings of Greek and Latin roots 5. Determine the meanings of Greek and Latin roots 6. Determine the meanings of words with Greek and Latin roots Prefixes 7. Words with pre- 8. Words with re- 9. Words with sub- 10. Words with mis- 11. Words with un-, dis-, in-, im-, and non- Suffixes 12. Words with -ful 13. Words with -less 14. Words with -able and -ible Word patterns 15. Word pattern analogies 16. Word pattern sentences

ELA.9.V.1.3 Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, reference materials, and/or background knowledge to determine the connotative and denotative meaning of words and phrases, appropriate to grade level.		Context clues 1. Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures 2. Use context as a clue to the meanings of foreign expressions 3. Determine the meaning of words using synonyms in context 4. Determine the meaning of words using antonyms in context 5. Use context to identify the meaning of a word Word choice and usage 6. Replace words using a thesaurus 7. Explore words with new or contested usages Reference materials 8. Use dictionary entries 9. Use dictionary definitions 10. Use dictionary entries to determine correct usage 11. Use thesaurus entries Figurative language 12. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 13. Interpret figures of speech Word relationships 14. Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words Connotation and denotation 15. Describe the difference between related words 16. Positive and negative connotation
ELA.9.V.1.3 Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, reference materials, and/or background knowledge to determine the connotative and denotative meaning of words and phrases, appropriate to grade level.
Context clues 1. Determine the meaning of domain-specific words with pictures 2. Use context as a clue to the meanings of foreign expressions 3. Determine the meaning of words using synonyms in context 4. Determine the meaning of words using antonyms in context 5. Use context to identify the meaning of a word Word choice and usage 6. Replace words using a thesaurus 7. Explore words with new or contested usages Reference materials 8. Use dictionary entries 9. Use dictionary definitions 10. Use dictionary entries to determine correct usage 11. Use thesaurus entries Figurative language 12. Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source 13. Interpret figures of speech Word relationships 14. Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words Connotation and denotation 15. Describe the difference between related words 16. Positive and negative connotation