M.4HSTP.1 Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli (magnitude) and quotients of complex numbers.

M.4HSTP.2 Represent complex numbers on the complex plane in rectangular and polar form (including real and imaginary numbers) and explain why the rectangular and polar forms of a given complex number represent the same number.

M.4HSTP.3 Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication and conjugation of complex numbers geometrically on the complex plane; use properties of this representation for computation.

M.4HSTP.4 Calculate the distance between numbers in the complex plane as the modulus of the difference and the midpoint of a segment as the average of the numbers at its endpoints.

M.4HSTP.5 Recognize vector quantities as having both magnitude and direction. Represent vector quantities by directed line segments and use appropriate symbols for vectors and their magnitudes.

M.4HSTP.6 Find the components of a vector by subtracting the coordinates of an initial point from the coordinates of a terminal point.

M.4HSTP.7 Solve problems involving velocity and other quantities that can be represented by vectors.

M.4HSTP.8 Add and subtract vectors.

M.4HSTP.9 Multiply a vector by a scalar.

M.4HSTP.10 Use matrices to represent and manipulate data.

M.4HSTP.11 Multiply matrices by scalars to produce new matrices.

M.4HSTP.12 Add, subtract and multiply matrices of appropriate dimensions.

M.4HSTP.13 Demonstrate that, unlike multiplication of numbers, matrix multiplication for square matrices is not a commutative operation, but still satisfies the associative and distributive properties.

M.4HSTP.14 Understand that the zero and identity matrices play a role in matrix addition and multiplication similar to the role of 0 and 1 in the real numbers. The determinant of a square matrix is nonzero if and only if the matrix has a multiplicative inverse.

M.4HSTP.15 Multiply a vector (regarded as a matrix with one column) by a matrix of suitable dimensions to produce another vector. Work with matrices as transformations of vectors.

M.4HSTP.16 Work with 2 × 2 matrices as transformations of the plane and interpret the absolute value of the determinant in terms of area.

M.4HSTP.17 Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector variable.

M.4HSTP.18 Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 × 3 or greater).

M.4HSTP.19 Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle.

M.4HSTP.20 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.

M.4HSTP.21 Use special triangles to determine geometrically the values of sine, cosine, tangent for ^π/₃, ^π/₄, and ^π/₆, and use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π – x, π + x, and 2π – x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.

M.4HSTP.22 Use the unit circle to explain symmetry (odd and even) and periodicity of trigonometric functions.

M.4HSTP.23 Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline.

M.4HSTP.24 Understand that restricting a trigonometric function to a domain on which it is always increasing or always decreasing allows its inverse to be constructed.

M.4HSTP.25 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions using technology and interpret them in terms of the context.

M.4HSTP.26 Solve multi-step trigonometric equations that require factoring or the use of identities.

M.4HSTP.27 Prove the Pythagorean identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 and use it to find sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ), given sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ), and the quadrant of the angle.

M.4HSTP.28 Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.

M.4HSTP.29 Select a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of quantities, and sketch graphs showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship. Relate the domain of a function to its graph based on the behavior of data and context, and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes. Key features include intercepts; intervals where the function is increasing, decreasing, positive, or negative; relative maxima and minima; symmetries; end behavior; and periodicity.

M.4HSTP.30 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities, including composition of functions.

M.4HSTP.31 Graph trigonometric and rational functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph.

M.4HSTP.32 Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k (both positive and negative); find the value of k given the graphs. Experiment with cases and illustrate an explanation of the effects on the graph using technology. Include recognizing even and odd functions from their graphs and algebraic expressions for them. Observe the effect of multiple transformations on a single graph and the common effect of each transformation across function types and use transformations to model situations.

M.4HSTP.33 Find inverse functions.

M.4HSTP.34 Use an understanding of the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithmic functions to:

M.4HSTP.35 Derive the equations of a parabola, circle, ellipses, and hyperbolas, using their key components. Graph the equations of these conic sections. Key components include asymptotes, center, directrix, foci, and radius.

M.4HSTP.36 Solve problems and applications that model conic sections.

M.4HSTP.37 Develop sigma notation and use it to write series in equivalent form.

M.4HSTP.38 Apply the method of mathematical induction to prove summation formulas. For example, verify the sum of squares formula.

M.4HSTP.39 Develop intuitively that the sum of an infinite series of positive numbers can converge and derive the formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series. Apply infinite geometric series models intuitively.