SPS4.a Develop a model that illustrates how the nucleus changes as a result of fission and fusion.

SPS4.b Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the process of half-life as it relates to radioactive decay.

SPS4.c Construct arguments based on evidence about the applications, benefits, and problems of nuclear energy as an alternative energy source.

SPS7.a Construct explanations for energy transformations within a system.

SPS7.b Plan and carry out investigations to describe how molecular motion relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation.

SPS7.c Analyze and interpret specific heat data to justify the selection of a material for a practical application (e.g., insulators and cooking vessels).

SPS7.d Analyze and interpret data to explain the flow of energy during phase changes using heating/cooling curves.

SPS8.a Plan and carry out an investigation to analyze the motion of an object using mathematical and graphical models.

SPS8.b Construct an explanation based on experimental evidence to support the claims presented in Newton's three laws of motion.

SPS8.c Analyze and interpret data to identify the relationship between mass and gravitational force for falling objects.

SPS8.d Use mathematics and computational thinking to identify the relationships between work, mechanical advantage, and simple machines.

SPS9.a Analyze and interpret data to identify the relationships among wavelength, frequency, and energy in electromagnetic waves and amplitude and energy in mechanical waves.

SPS9.b Ask questions to compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical waves.

SPS9.c Develop models based on experimental evidence that illustrate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction.

SPS9.d Analyze and interpret data to explain how different media affect the speed of sound and light waves.

SPS9.e Develop and use models to explain the changes in sound waves associated with the Doppler Effect.

SPS10.a Use mathematical and computational thinking to support a claim regarding relationships among voltage, current, and resistance.

SPS10.b Develop and use models to illustrate and explain the conventional flow (direct and alternating) of current and the flow of electrons in simple series and parallel circuits.

SPS10.c Plan and carry out investigations to determine the relationship between magnetism and the movement of electrical charge.

SP1.a Plan and carry out an investigation of one-dimensional motion to calculate average and instantaneous speed and velocity. Analyze one-dimensional problems involving changes of direction, using algebraic signs to represent vector direction. Apply one-dimensional kinematic equations to situations with no acceleration, and positive, or negative constant acceleration.

SP1.b Analyze and interpret data using created or obtained motion graphs to illustrate the relationships among position, velocity, and acceleration, as functions of time.

SP1.c Ask questions to compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities.

SP1.d Analyze and interpret data of two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. Resolve position, velocity, or acceleration vectors into components (x and y, horizontal and vertical). Add vectors graphically and mathematically by adding components. Interpret problems to show that objects moving in two dimensions have independent motions along each coordinate axis. Design an experiment to investigate the projectile motion of an object by collecting and analyzing data using kinematic equations. Predict and describe how changes to initial conditions affect the resulting motion. Calculate range and time in the air for a horizontally launched projectile.

SP2.a Construct an explanation based on evidence using Newton's Laws of how forces affect the acceleration of a body. Explain and predict the motion of a body in absence of a force and when forces are applied using Newton's 1st Law (principle of inertia). Calculate the acceleration for an object using Newton's 2nd Law, including situations where multiple forces act together. Identify the pair of equal and opposite forces between two interacting bodies and relate their magnitudes and directions using Newton's 3rd Law.

SP2.b Develop and use a model of a Free Body Diagram to represent the forces acting on an object (both equilibrium and non-equilibrium).

SP2.c Use mathematical representations to calculate magnitudes and vector components for typical forces including gravitational force, normal force, friction forces, tension forces, and spring forces.

SP2.d Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence to identify the force or force component responsible for causing an object to move along a circular path. Calculate the magnitude of a centripetal acceleration.

SP2.e Develop and use a model to describe the mathematical relationship between mass, distance, and force as expressed by Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.

SP3.a Ask questions to compare and contrast open and closed systems.

SP3.b Use mathematics and computational thinking to analyze, evaluate, and apply the principle of conservation of energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem. Calculate the kinetic energy of an object. Calculate the amount of work performed by a force on an object.

SP3.c Plan and carry out an investigation demonstrating conservation and rate of transfer of energy (power) to solve problems involving closed systems.

SP3.d Construct an argument supported by evidence of the use of the principle of conservation of momentum to explain how the brief application of a force creates an impulse, describe and perform calculations involving one dimensional momentum, connect the concepts of Newton's 3rd law and impulse, and experimentally compare and contrast inelastic and elastic collisions.

SP4.a Develop and use mathematical models to explain mechanical and electromagnetic waves as a propagating disturbance that transfers energy.

SP4.b Develop and use models to describe and calculate characteristics related to the interference and diffraction of waves (single and double slits).

SP4.c Construct an argument that analyzes the production and characteristics of sounds waves.

SP4.d Plan and carry out investigations to characterize the properties and behavior of electromagnetic waves.

SP4.e Plan and carry out investigations to describe common features of light in terms of color, polarization, spectral composition, and wave speed in transparent media. Analyze experimentally and mathematically aspects of reflection and refraction of light waves and describe the results using optical ray diagrams. Perform calculations related to reflections from plane surfaces and focusing using thin lenses.

SP4.f Plan and carry out investigations to identify the behavior of light using lenses.

SP4.g Plan and carry out investigations to describe changes in diffraction patterns associated with geometry and wavelength for mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

SP5.a Develop and use mathematical models and generate diagrams to compare and contrast the electric and gravitational forces between two charged objects.

SP5.b Plan and carry out investigations to demonstrate and qualitatively explain charge transfer by conduction, friction, and induction.

SP5.c Construct an explanation based on evidence of the behavior of charges in terms of electric potential energy.

SP5.d Plan and carry out an investigation of the relationship between voltage, current, and power for direct current circuits.

SP5.e Plan and carry out investigations to clarify the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields.

SP6.a Develop and use models to explain, compare, and contrast nuclear processes including radioactive decay, fission, and fusion.

SP6.b Construct an argument to compare and contrast mechanisms and characteristics of radioactive decay.

SP6.c Develop and use mathematical models and representations to calculate the amount of substance present after a given amount of time based on its half-life and relate this to the law of conservation of mass and energy.