5.1.a asking questions and defining problems: ask testable questions based on observations and predict reasonable outcomes based on patterns, develop hypotheses as cause-and-effect relationship, define design problems that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system

5.1.b planning and carrying out investigations: collaboratively plan and conduct investigations to produce data, identify independent variable, dependent variables, and constants, determine data that should be collected to answer a testable question, take metric measurements using appropriate tools, use tools and/or materials to design and/or build a device that solves a specific problem

5.1.c interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating data: represent and analyze data using tables and graphs, organize simple data sets to reveal patterns that suggest relationships, compare and contrast data collected by different groups and discuss similarities and differences in their findings, use data to evaluate and refine design solutions

5.1.d constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations: construct and/or support arguments with evidence, data, and/or a model, describe how scientific ideas apply to design solutions, generate and compare multiple solutions to problems based on how well they meet the criteria and constraints

5.1.e developing and using models 9: develop models using an analogy, example, or abstract representation to describe a scientific principle or design solution, identify limitations of models

5.1.f obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information: read and comprehend reading-level-appropriate texts and/or other reliable media, communicate scientific information, design ideas, and/or solutions with others

5.2.a energy is the ability to do work or to cause change

5.2.b there are many different forms of energy

5.2.c energy can be transformed

5.2.d energy is conserved

5.3.a moving objects have kinetic energy

5.3.b motion is described by an object's direction and speed

5.3.c changes in motion are related to net force and mass

5.3.d when objects collide, the contact forces transfer energy and can change objects' motion

5.3.e friction is a force that opposes motion

5.4.a electricity flows easily through conductors but not insulators

5.4.b electricity flows through closed circuits

5.4.c static electricity can be generated by rubbing certain materials together

5.4.d electrical energy can be transformed into radiant, mechanical, and thermal energy

5.4.e a current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field

5.5.a sound is produced when an object or substance vibrates

5.5.b sound is the transfer of energy

5.5.c different media transmit sound differently

5.5.d sound waves have many uses and applications

5.6.a visible light is radiant energy that moves in transverse waves

5.6.b the visible spectrum includes light with different wavelengths

5.6.c matter influences the path of light

5.6.d radiant energy can be transformed into thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy

5.7.a matter is composed of atoms

5.7.b substances can be mixed together without changes in their physical properties

5.7.c energy has an effect on the phases of matter

5.8.a Earth's internal energy causes movement of material within the Earth

5.8.b plate tectonics describe movement of the crust

5.8.c the rock cycle models the transformation of rocks

5.8.d processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition change the surface of the Earth

5.8.e fossils and geologic patterns provide evidence of Earth's change

5.9.a some sources of energy are considered renewable and others are not

5.9.b individuals and communities have means of conserving both energy and matter

5.9.c advances in technology improve the ability to transfer and transform energy