South Dakota

LS1 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

• HS-LS1-1 Construct an evidence-based explanation for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

  • Introduction to the genetic code (B-J.1)
  • Protein synthesis: transcription (B-K.1)
  • Protein synthesis: translation (B-K.2)
  • Read a codon wheel (B-K.3)
  • Read a codon table (B-K.4)
  • Use a codon wheel to transcribe and translate DNA sequences (B-K.5)
  • Use a codon table to transcribe and translate DNA sequences (B-K.6)

• HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

  • Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (B-G.1)

• HS-LS1-3 Plan and carry out an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

  • Homeostasis and feedback loops (B-G.2)

• HS-LS1-4 Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

  • Introduction to cell division (B-I.1)
  • The cell cycle (B-I.2)
  • Describe phases of mitosis and the cell cycle (B-I.3)
  • Identify phases of mitosis and the cell cycle in plant cells (B-I.4)

• HS-LS1-5 Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

  • The chemistry of photosynthesis (B-H.1)

• HS-LS1-6 Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon based molecules.

  • Structure and function: carbohydrates (B-D.1)
  • Structure and function: lipids (B-D.2)
  • Structure and function: proteins (B-D.3)
  • Structure and function: nucleic acids (B-D.4)
  • Identify the structures and functions of biomolecules (B-D.5)
  • Compare the structures and functions of biomolecules (B-D.6)

• HS-LS1-7 Use a model of the major inputs and outputs of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) to exemplify the chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules are broken, the bonds of new compounds are formed, and a net transfer of energy results.

  • The chemistry of cellular respiration (B-H.2)

LS2 Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

• HS-LS2-1 Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

  • Patterns of population growth (B-P.6)
  • Factors affecting carrying capacity (B-P.7)
  • Factors affecting Yellowstone bison population dynamics (B-P.8)

• HS-LS2-2 Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.

  • Kelp forests: factors affecting biodiversity (B-Q.1)
  • Lake biodiversity and eutrophication: explore a problem (B-Q.2)

• HS-LS2-3 Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

  • Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation (B-H.3)

• HS-LS2-4 Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

  • Interpret a Serengeti food web (B-P.1)
  • Interpret an Antarctic food web (B-P.2)
  • Trophic levels and energy pyramids (B-P.3)

• HS-LS2-5 Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

  • The carbon cycle: biosphere processes and interactions (B-P.4)
  • The carbon cycle: geosphere processes and interactions (B-P.5)

• HS-LS2-6 Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms under stable conditions; however, moderate to extreme fluctuations in conditions may result in new ecosystems.

  • Ecological succession (B-P.9)

• HS-LS2-7 Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

  • Lake eutrophication: evaluate solutions (B-Q.)

• HS-LS2-8 Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species' chances to survive and reproduce.

  • How can group behavior affect survival? Identify evidence to support a claim (B-P.10)

LS3 Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

• HS-LS3-1 Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

  • Structure and function: nucleic acids (B-D.4)
  • Introduction to the genetic code (B-J.1)
  • Protein synthesis: transcription (B-K.1)
  • Protein synthesis: translation (B-K.2)

• HS-LS3-2 Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors.

  • Gene mutations (B-K.7)
  • Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part I (B-L.1)
  • Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part II (B-L.2)
  • The phases of meiosis (B-L.3)

• HS-LS3-3 Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

  • Mendel's laws of heredity (B-M.1)
  • Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (B-M.2)
  • Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive (B-M.3)
  • Punnett squares: Mendelian inheritance (B-M.4)
  • Punnett squares: incomplete dominance and codominance (B-M.5)
  • Punnett squares: multiple alleles (B-M.6)

LS4 Biological Unity and Diversity

• HS-LS4-1 Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

  • Evaluate fossil evidence of evolution (B-N.2)
  • Evaluate anatomical and molecular evidence of evolution (B-N.3)

• HS-LS4-2 Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment.

  • Source analysis: Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (B-N.1)

• HS-LS4-3 Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

  • Construct explanations of natural selection (B-N.4)

• HS-LS4-4 Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

  • Construct explanations of natural selection (B-N.4)
  • Natural selection in action: antibiotic-resistant bacteria (B-N.)

• HS-LS4-5 Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species.

• HS-LS4-6 Use a simulation to research and analyze possible solutions for the adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

ESS3 Earth and Human Activity

• HS-ESS3-5 Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of global or regional climate change and associated future impacts to Earth systems.

• HS-ESS3-6 Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activity.