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Skills available for Alabama Geometry standards

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Alabama Course of Study (adopted in 2019): Algebra I with Probability Alabama Course of Study (adopted in 2019): Algebra I with Probability
Alabama Course of Study (adopted in 2019): Geometry with Data Analysis Alabama Course of Study (adopted in 2019): Geometry with Data Analysis
Alabama Course of Study (Common Core): Geometry Alabama Course of Study (Common Core): Geometry

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GDA.NQ Number and Quantity

Together, irrational numbers and rational numbers complete the real number system, representing all points on the number line, while there exist numbers beyond the real numbers called complex numbers.
- 1 Extend understanding of irrational and rational numbers by rewriting expressions involving radicals, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, in order to recognize geometric patterns.
  - Simplify radical expressions (G-A.6)
Quantitative reasoning includes and mathematical modeling requires attention to units of measurement.
- 2 Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.
  - 2.a Choose and interpret units consistently in formulas.
  - 2.b Choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.
  - 2.c Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.
    - Scale drawings: word problems (G-A.2)
  - 2.d Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations of measurements when reporting quantities.
- Checkpoint opportunity
  - Checkpoint: Units and quantities (G)

GDA.AF Algebra and Functions

Focus 1: Algebra
- The structure of an equation or inequality (including, but not limited to, one-variable linear and quadratic equations, inequalities, and systems of linear equations in two variables) can be purposefully analyzed (with and without technology) to determine an efficient strategy to find a solution, if one exists, and then to justify the solution.
  - 3 Find the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon determined by a set of lines, given their equations, by setting their function rules equal and solving, or by using their graphs.
    - Find the vertices of a solution set (A2-F.4)
- Expressions, equations, and inequalities can be used to analyze and make predictions, both within mathematics and as mathematics is applied in different contexts – in particular, contexts that arise in relation to linear, quadratic, and exponential situations.
  - 4 Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.
    - Rearrange multi-variable equations (G)
Focus 2: Connecting Algebra to Functions
- Graphs can be used to obtain exact or approximate solutions of equations, inequalities, and systems of equations and inequalities—including systems of linear equations in two variables and systems of linear and quadratic equations (given or obtained by using technology).
  - 5 Verify that the graph of a linear equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, which forms a line.
    - Graph a linear equation (G-E.3)
  - 6 Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem.
    - 6.a Given the endpoints of the diameter of a circle, use the midpoint formula to find its center and then use the Pythagorean Theorem to find its equation.
      - Midpoint formula: find the midpoint (G-B.10)
      - Write equations of circles in standard form using properties (G-V.5)
    - 6.b Derive the distance formula from the Pythagorean Theorem.
      - Distance formula (G-B.13)

GDA.DSP Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability

Focus 1: Quantitative Literacy
- Mathematical and statistical reasoning about data can be used to evaluate conclusions and assess risks.
  - 7 Use mathematical and statistical reasoning with quantitative data, both univariate data (set of values) and bivariate data (set of pairs of values) that suggest a linear association, in order to draw conclusions and assess risk.
Focus 2: Visualizing and Summarizing Data
- Data arise from a context and come in two types: quantitative (continuous or discrete) and categorical. Technology can be used to "clean" and organize data, including very large data sets, into a useful and manageable structure – a first step in any analysis of data
  - 8 Use technology to organize data, including very large data sets, into a useful and manageable structure.
- Distributions of quantitative data (continuous or discrete) in one variable should be described in the context of the data with respect to what is typical (the shape, with appropriate measures of center and variability, including standard deviation) and what is not (outliers), and these characteristics can be used to compare two or more subgroups with respect to a variable.
  - 9 Represent the distribution of univariate quantitative data with plots on the real number line, choosing a format (dot plot, histogram, or box plot) most appropriate to the data set, and represent the distribution of bivariate quantitative data with a scatter plot. Extend from simple cases by hand to more complex cases involving large data sets using technology.
  - 10 Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare and contrast two or more data sets, utilizing the mean and median for center and the interquartile range and standard deviation for variability.
    - 10.a Explain how standard deviation develops from mean absolute deviation.
    - 10.b Calculate the standard deviation for a data set, using technology where appropriate.
      - Variance and standard deviation (G)
  - 11 Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers) on mean and standard deviation.
    - Box plots (G)
    - Identify an outlier and describe the effect of removing it (G)
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Line plots, histograms, and box plots (G)
    - Checkpoint: Compare data sets (G)
- Scatter plots, including plots over time, can reveal patterns, trends, clusters, and gaps that are useful in analyzing the association between two contextual variables.
  - 12 Represent data of two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.
    - 12.a Find a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association and informally assess its fit by plotting and analyzing residuals, including the squares of the residuals, in order to improve its fit.
    - 12.b Use technology to find the least-squares line of best fit for two quantitative variables.
      - Find the equation of a regression line (G)
- Analyzing the association between two quantitative variables should involve statistical procedures, such as examining (with technology) the sum of squared deviations in fitting a linear model, analyzing residuals for patterns, generating a least-squares regression line and finding a correlation coefficient, and differentiating between correlation and causation.
  - 13 Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear relationship.
    - Match correlation coefficients to scatter plots (G)
    - Calculate correlation coefficients (G)
  - 14 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
    - Correlation and causation (G)
- Data analysis techniques can be used to develop models of contextual situations and to generate and evaluate possible solutions to real problems involving those contexts.
  - 15 Evaluate possible solutions to real-life problems by developing linear models of contextual situations and using them to predict unknown values.
    - 15.a Use the linear model to solve problems in the context of the given data.
      - Interpret regression lines (G)
    - 15.b Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the given data.
      - Interpret regression lines (G)
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Linear modeling (G)

GDA.GM Geometry and Measurement

Focus 1: Measurement
- Areas and volumes of figures can be computed by determining how the figure might be obtained from simpler figures by dissection and recombination.
  - 16 Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects, and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional objects.
    - Cross sections of three-dimensional figures (G-H.4)
    - Solids of revolution (G-H.5)
  - 17 Model and solve problems using surface area and volume of solids, including composite solids and solids with portions removed.
    - 17.a Give an informal argument for the formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere, cylinder, pyramid, and cone using dissection arguments, Cavalieri's Principle, and informal limit arguments.
    - 17.b Apply geometric concepts to find missing dimensions to solve surface area or volume problems.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Cross sections and solids of revolution (G-H.6)
    - Checkpoint: Volume (G)
- Constructing approximations of measurements with different tools, including technology, can support an understanding of measurement.
  - 18 Given the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon, compute its perimeter and area using a variety of methods, including the distance formula and dynamic geometry software, and evaluate the accuracy of the results.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Area and perimeter in the coordinate plane (G-S.15)
- When an object is the image of a known object under a similarity transformation, a length, area, or volume on the image can be computed by using proportional relationships.
  - 19 Derive and apply the relationships between the lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar figures in relation to their scale factor.
  - 20 Derive and apply the formula for the length of an arc and the formula for the area of a sector.
    - Arc length (G-U.4)
    - Area of sectors (G-U.7)
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Arc length and area of sectors (G)
Focus 2: Transformations
- Applying geometric transformations to figures provides opportunities for describing the attributes of the figures preserved by the transformation and for describing symmetries by examining when a figure can be mapped onto itself.
  - 21 Represent transformations and compositions of transformations in the plane (coordinate and otherwise) using tools such as tracing paper and geometry software.
    - 21.a Describe transformations and compositions of transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs, using informal and formal notation.
    - 21.b Compare transformations which preserve distance and angle measure to those that do not.
  - 22 Explore rotations, reflections, and translations using graph paper, tracing paper, and geometry software.
    - 22.a Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the image of the transformed figure using graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software.
    - 22.b Specify a sequence of rotations, reflections, or translations that will carry a given figure onto another.
      - Transformations that carry a polygon onto itself (G-L.13)
    - 22.c Draw figures with different types of symmetries and describe their attributes.
  - 23 Develop definitions of rotation, reflection, and translation in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments.
    - Rotate polygons about a point (G-L.7)
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Transformations in the plane (G-L.21)
    - Checkpoint: Transformations of geometric figures (G-L.22)
- Showing that two figures are congruent involves showing that there is a rigid motion (translation, rotation, reflection, or glide reflection) or, equivalently, a sequence of rigid motions that maps one figure to the other.
  - 24 Define congruence of two figures in terms of rigid motions (a sequence of translations, rotations, and reflections); show that two figures are congruent by finding a sequence of rigid motions that maps one figure to the other.
  - 25 Verify criteria for showing triangles are congruent using a sequence of rigid motions that map one triangle to another.
    - 25.a Verify that two triangles are congruent if and only if corresponding pairs of sides and corresponding pairs of angles are congruent.
    - 25.b Verify that two triangles are congruent if (but not only if) the following groups of corresponding parts are congruent: angle-side-angle (ASA), side-angle-side (SAS), side- side-side (SSS), and angle-angle-side (AAS).
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Rigid motion and congruence (G-L.23)
- Showing that two figures are similar involves finding a similarity transformation (dilation or composite of a dilation with a rigid motion) or, equivalently, a sequence of similarity transformations that maps one figure onto the other.
  - 26 Verify experimentally the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor.
    - 26.a Verify that a dilation takes a line not passing through the center of the dilation to a parallel line, and leaves a line passing through the center unchanged.
      - Dilations: graph the image (G-L.15)
      - Dilations and parallel lines (G-L.20)
    - 26.b Verify that the dilation of a line segment is longer or shorter in the ratio given by the scale factor.
  - 27 Given two figures, determine whether they are similar by identifying a similarity transformation (sequence of rigid motions and dilations) that maps one figure to the other.
  - 28 Verify criteria for showing triangles are similar using a similarity transformation (sequence of rigid motions and dilations) that maps one triangle to another.
    - 28.a Verify that two triangles are similar if and only if corresponding pairs of sides are proportional and corresponding pairs of angles are congruent.
      - Identify similar triangles (G)
    - 28.b Verify that two triangles are similar if (but not only if) two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent (AA), the corresponding sides are proportional (SSS), or two pairs of corresponding sides are proportional and the pair of included angles is congruent (SAS).
      - Similarity rules for triangles (G-P.8)
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Dilations (G-L.24)
    - Checkpoint: Similarity transformations (G-P.17)
Focus 3: Geometric Arguments, Reasoning, and Proof
- Using technology to construct and explore figures with constraints provides an opportunity to explore the independence and dependence of assumptions and conjectures.
  - 29 Find patterns and relationships in figures including lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles, using technology and other tools.
    - 29.a Construct figures, using technology and other tools, in order to make and test conjectures about their properties.
    - 29.b Identify different sets of properties necessary to define and construct figures.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Geometric constructions (G)
- Proof is the means by which we demonstrate whether a statement is true or false mathematically, and proofs can be communicated in a variety of ways (e.g., two-column, paragraph).
  - 30 Develop and use precise definitions of figures such as angle, circle, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segment, based on the undefined notions of point, line, distance along a line, and distance around a circular arc.
    - Angle vocabulary (G-C.1)
  - 31 Justify whether conjectures are true or false in order to prove theorems and then apply those theorems in solving problems, communicating proofs in a variety of ways, including flow chart, two-column, and paragraph formats.
    - 31.a Investigate, prove, and apply theorems about lines and angles, including but not limited to: vertical angles are congruent; when a transversal crosses parallel lines, alternate interior angles are congruent and corresponding angles are congruent; the points on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment are those equidistant from the segment's endpoints.
    - 31.b Investigate, prove, and apply theorems about triangles, including but not limited to: the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180° the base angles of isosceles triangles are congruent; the segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half the length; a line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two proportionally, and conversely; the Pythagorean Theorem using triangle similarity.
    - 31.c Investigate, prove, and apply theorems about parallelograms and other quadrilaterals, including but not limited to both necessary and sufficient conditions for parallelograms and other quadrilaterals, as well as relationships among kinds of quadrilaterals.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
- Proofs of theorems can sometimes be made with transformations, coordinates, or algebra; all approaches can be useful, and in some cases one may provide a more accessible or understandable argument than another.
  - 32 Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.
    - Classify shapes on the coordinate plane: justify your answer (G-N.13)
    - Determine if a point lies on a circle (G-V.3)
  - 33 Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Coordinate proofs (G-E.9)
    - Checkpoint: Parallel and perpendicular lines (G-E.10)
Focus 4: Solving Applied Problems and Modeling in Geometry
- Recognizing congruence, similarity, symmetry, measurement opportunities, and other geometric ideas, including right triangle trigonometry, in real-world contexts provides a means of building understanding of these concepts and is a powerful tool for solving problems related to the physical world in which we live.
  - 34 Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems in real-world contexts.
    - Similar triangles and indirect measurement (G-P.5)
  - 35 Discover and apply relationships in similar right triangles.
    - 35.a Derive and apply the constant ratios of the sides in special right triangles (45°-45°-90° and 30°-60°-90°).
      - Special right triangles (G-R.4)
    - 35.b Use similarity to explore and define basic trigonometric ratios, including sine ratio, cosine ratio, and tangent ratio.
    - 35.c Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.
      - Sine and cosine of complementary angles (G-R.8)
    - 35.d Demonstrate the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem.
      - Converse of the Pythagorean theorem (G-Q.3)
    - 35.e Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangles in applied problems, including finding areas of regular polygons.
  - 36 Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to model objects and use those models to solve problems.
    - Pythagorean theorem (G-Q.1)
  - 37 Investigate and apply relationships among inscribed angles, radii, and chords, including but not limited to: the relationship between central, inscribed, and circumscribed angles; inscribed angles on a diameter are right angles; the radius of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent where the radius intersects the circle.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
- Experiencing the mathematical modeling cycle in problems involving geometric concepts, from the simplification of the real problem through the solving of the simplified problem, the interpretation of its solution, and the checking of the solution's feasibility, introduces geometric techniques, tools, and points of view that are valuable to problem-solving.
  - 38 Use the mathematical modeling cycle involving geometric methods to solve design problems.
  - Checkpoint opportunity
    - Checkpoint: Geometric modeling and design (G-W.10)

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GDA.NQ Number and Quantity

Together, irrational numbers and rational numbers complete the real number system, representing all points on the number line, while there exist numbers beyond the real numbers called complex numbers.

1 Extend understanding of irrational and rational numbers by rewriting expressions involving radicals, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, in order to recognize geometric patterns.

Quantitative reasoning includes and mathematical modeling requires attention to units of measurement.

2 Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

2.a Choose and interpret units consistently in formulas.

2.b Choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.

2.c Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

2.d Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations of measurements when reporting quantities.

Checkpoint opportunity

GDA.AF Algebra and Functions

Focus 1: Algebra

3 Find the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon determined by a set of lines, given their equations, by setting their function rules equal and solving, or by using their graphs.

Expressions, equations, and inequalities can be used to analyze and make predictions, both within mathematics and as mathematics is applied in different contexts – in particular, contexts that arise in relation to linear, quadratic, and exponential situations.

4 Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.

Focus 2: Connecting Algebra to Functions

Graphs can be used to obtain exact or approximate solutions of equations, inequalities, and systems of equations and inequalities—including systems of linear equations in two variables and systems of linear and quadratic equations (given or obtained by using technology).

5 Verify that the graph of a linear equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, which forms a line.

6 Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem.

6.a Given the endpoints of the diameter of a circle, use the midpoint formula to find its center and then use the Pythagorean Theorem to find its equation.

6.b Derive the distance formula from the Pythagorean Theorem.

GDA.DSP Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability

Focus 1: Quantitative Literacy

Mathematical and statistical reasoning about data can be used to evaluate conclusions and assess risks.

7 Use mathematical and statistical reasoning with quantitative data, both univariate data (set of values) and bivariate data (set of pairs of values) that suggest a linear association, in order to draw conclusions and assess risk.

Focus 2: Visualizing and Summarizing Data

Data arise from a context and come in two types: quantitative (continuous or discrete) and categorical. Technology can be used to "clean" and organize data, including very large data sets, into a useful and manageable structure – a first step in any analysis of data

8 Use technology to organize data, including very large data sets, into a useful and manageable structure.

10 Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare and contrast two or more data sets, utilizing the mean and median for center and the interquartile range and standard deviation for variability.

10.a Explain how standard deviation develops from mean absolute deviation.

10.b Calculate the standard deviation for a data set, using technology where appropriate.

11 Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers) on mean and standard deviation.

Checkpoint opportunity

Scatter plots, including plots over time, can reveal patterns, trends, clusters, and gaps that are useful in analyzing the association between two contextual variables.

12 Represent data of two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.

12.a Find a linear function for a scatter plot that suggests a linear association and informally assess its fit by plotting and analyzing residuals, including the squares of the residuals, in order to improve its fit.

12.b Use technology to find the least-squares line of best fit for two quantitative variables.

13 Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear relationship.

14 Distinguish between correlation and causation.

Data analysis techniques can be used to develop models of contextual situations and to generate and evaluate possible solutions to real problems involving those contexts.

15 Evaluate possible solutions to real-life problems by developing linear models of contextual situations and using them to predict unknown values.

15.a Use the linear model to solve problems in the context of the given data.

15.b Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the given data.

Checkpoint opportunity

GDA.GM Geometry and Measurement

Focus 1: Measurement

Areas and volumes of figures can be computed by determining how the figure might be obtained from simpler figures by dissection and recombination.

16 Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects, and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional objects.

17 Model and solve problems using surface area and volume of solids, including composite solids and solids with portions removed.

17.a Give an informal argument for the formulas for the surface area and volume of a sphere, cylinder, pyramid, and cone using dissection arguments, Cavalieri's Principle, and informal limit arguments.

17.b Apply geometric concepts to find missing dimensions to solve surface area or volume problems.

Checkpoint opportunity

Constructing approximations of measurements with different tools, including technology, can support an understanding of measurement.

18 Given the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon, compute its perimeter and area using a variety of methods, including the distance formula and dynamic geometry software, and evaluate the accuracy of the results.

Checkpoint opportunity

When an object is the image of a known object under a similarity transformation, a length, area, or volume on the image can be computed by using proportional relationships.

19 Derive and apply the relationships between the lengths, perimeters, areas, and volumes of similar figures in relation to their scale factor.

20 Derive and apply the formula for the length of an arc and the formula for the area of a sector.

Checkpoint opportunity

Focus 2: Transformations

Applying geometric transformations to figures provides opportunities for describing the attributes of the figures preserved by the transformation and for describing symmetries by examining when a figure can be mapped onto itself.

21 Represent transformations and compositions of transformations in the plane (coordinate and otherwise) using tools such as tracing paper and geometry software.

21.a Describe transformations and compositions of transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs, using informal and formal notation.

21.b Compare transformations which preserve distance and angle measure to those that do not.

22 Explore rotations, reflections, and translations using graph paper, tracing paper, and geometry software.

22.a Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the image of the transformed figure using graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software.

22.b Specify a sequence of rotations, reflections, or translations that will carry a given figure onto another.

22.c Draw figures with different types of symmetries and describe their attributes.

23 Develop definitions of rotation, reflection, and translation in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments.

Checkpoint opportunity

Showing that two figures are congruent involves showing that there is a rigid motion (translation, rotation, reflection, or glide reflection) or, equivalently, a sequence of rigid motions that maps one figure to the other.

24 Define congruence of two figures in terms of rigid motions (a sequence of translations, rotations, and reflections); show that two figures are congruent by finding a sequence of rigid motions that maps one figure to the other.

25 Verify criteria for showing triangles are congruent using a sequence of rigid motions that map one triangle to another.

25.a Verify that two triangles are congruent if and only if corresponding pairs of sides and corresponding pairs of angles are congruent.

25.b Verify that two triangles are congruent if (but not only if) the following groups of corresponding parts are congruent: angle-side-angle (ASA), side-angle-side (SAS), side- side-side (SSS), and angle-angle-side (AAS).

Checkpoint opportunity

Showing that two figures are similar involves finding a similarity transformation (dilation or composite of a dilation with a rigid motion) or, equivalently, a sequence of similarity transformations that maps one figure onto the other.