The NGSS in Alabama

Energy

• Energy

  • 1 Evaluate sources of information concerning the law of conservation of energy to illustrate energy transformations in practical applications and natural systems.

    • 1.a Plan and carry out investigations to explore how mechanical energy is transformed within a system, including kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and work.

      • Calculate work (Ph-H.1)
      • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.2)
      • Calculate work from force-displacement graphs (Ph-H.)

    • 1.b Collect, analyze, and use data to explain how thermal energy is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.

    • 1.c Construct explanations to justify the selection of materials for specific applications based on the materials' specific heat values.

      • Calculations involving specific heat (Ph-J.1)

    • 1.d Investigate collisions and other real-world situations to evaluate the effects of impulse on changes in momentum.

      • Conservation of momentum (Ph-G.1)

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

• Properties of Waves

  • 2 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast the properties of mechanical and electromagnetic waves as they relate to real-world applications.

    • 2.a Analyze and interpret data to identify and describe the relationships among wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and energy in waves.

      • Introduction to waves (Ph-L.1)
      • Waves on strings (Ph-L.2)
      • Sound waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-M.1)
      • Calculations involving sound intensity (Ph-M.2)
      • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ph-N.1)

    • 2.b Develop models to illustrate reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction.

      • The law of reflection (Ph-O.1)
      • Refraction of light (Ph-O.2)

    • 2.c Analyze the ways in which different media and their characteristics affect the speed of sound and light waves.

      • Introduction to waves (Ph-L.1)
      • Waves on strings (Ph-L.2)
      • Sound waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-M.1)
      • Electromagnetic waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-N.)
      • Refraction of light (Ph-O.2)

    • 2.d Use models to illustrate the Doppler effect and explain the changes in sound perception associated with it.

    • 2.e Obtain and communicate information from published materials to explain how transmitting and receiving devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions to transmit and capture information and energy.

• Electricity and Magnetism

  • 3 Construct an explanation of the ways in which modern science uses both magnetic and electric concepts to create usable products.

    • 3.a Construct an argument using evidence to support the claim that field forces exist between objects and act on the objects even when the objects are not in contact.

      • Magnetic field calculations: long, straight wires (Ph-R.2)
      • Magnetic field calculations: solenoids (Ph-R.3)

    • 3.b Plan and carry out investigations to identify the factors that affect the strength of the electric and magnetic forces between objects.

      • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)
      • Magnetic force calculations: moving point charges (Ph-R.4)

    • 3.c Use mathematics and computational thinking to represent and determine the quantitative relationships between voltage, current, and resistance in series and parallel circuits in terms of Ohm's law.

      • Ohm's law: voltage, current, and resistance (Ph-Q.1)
      • Introduction to circuit diagrams and equivalent resistance (Ph-Q.)

    • 3.d Develop and use models to determine the relationships among voltage, current, and resistance at specific loads in series and parallel circuits.

    • 3.e Plan and carry out investigations to determine the relationships between magnetism and electrical charge in common devices.

      • Magnets and magnetism (Ph-R.1)
      • Magnetic field calculations: long, straight wires (Ph-R.2)
      • Magnetic field calculations: solenoids (Ph-R.3)

    • 3.f Analyze and interpret data concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the energy sources used to produce electricity.

Matter and Its Interactions

• Structure, Properties, and Nuclear Processes

  • 4 Evaluate the effects of using ions or isotopes of elements as a solution to a complex real-world problem, including cost, safety, trade-offs, and environmental impacts.

    • 4.a Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information from the periodic table concerning the structure of an atom and the arrangement of the atom's protons, neutrons, and electrons.

      • Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (Ch-F.2)

    • 4.b Predict the properties of an element based on the element's number of protons and valence electrons.

      • Introduction to the periodic table (Ch-D.2)
      • History of the periodic table (Ch-D.3)
      • Periodic trends: Ionization energy (Ch-I.1)

    • 4.c Analyze and interpret data to predict properties of ionic and covalent compounds.

    • 4.d Use mathematics and computational thinking to determine the charge of an ion and the mass number of an isotope based on the number of subatomic particles.

      • Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (Ch-F.2)
      • Nuclear notation for atoms and ions (Ch-F.3)

    • 4.e Analyze and interpret data to explain how radioactive decay changes a radioactive isotope over time and explain how the age of an object can be estimated by the ratio of radioactive isotopes contained within the object's atoms.

    • 4.f Use mathematics and computational thinking to identify types of radioactive decay based on balanced chemical equations, penetrating power, identity of emitted particles, and charge.

      • Classify nuclear reactions (Ph-S.2)

    • 4.g Use models to explain how nuclear fission and fusion reactions can be used as energy sources.

    • 4.h Generate and defend a data-based claim regarding the use of radioactive materials as an energy source.

• Matter

  • 5 Analyze and interpret data to justify the selection of a specific material for a practical application, considering a range of constraints.

    • 5.a Carry out investigations and use results to compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of matter.

    • 5.b Analyze and interpret data to predict changes in the phase of a material based on changes in particle motion, temperature, pressure, or thermal energy.

    • 5.c Use mathematical and computational thinking to determine the quantitative relationships among temperature, pressure, and volume of confined gases.

      • Boyle's Law: pressure and volume relationships of gases (Ch-R.1)

    • 5.d Utilize multiple types of models to support and verify the claim that matter is conserved during a simple chemical reaction.

      • Count atoms in chemical reactions using models (Ch-O.1)
      • Count atoms in chemical equations (Ch-O.2)
      • Balance chemical equations I (Ch-O.3)

• Solutions

  • 6 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how the properties of various types of solutions make them useful in real-world applications.

    • 6.a Plan and carry out investigations to determine how various factors, including temperature, surface area, and stirring, affect the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent.

    • 6.b Develop and use particle diagrams to illustrate diluted and concentrated solutions and describe how adjusting amounts of solute and solvent impacts the concentration of a solution.

    • 6.c Analyze and interpret data from experiments to determine whether solutions are acidic, basic, or neutral to predict properties of the solutions.

    • 6.d Plan and carry out investigations concerning neutralization reactions and describe the properties of the reactants and products.