The NGSS in Alabama

Matter and Its Interactions: Structure and Properties

• Structure and Properties

  • 1 Use the periodic table as a model to predict the structure and properties of atoms and elements.

    • 1.a Assess the merits and limitations of historic and modern atomic models pertaining to the presence, position, mass, and charge of subatomic particles.

      • Models of the atom (Ch-F.1)

    • 1.b Develop and use models of an element's subatomic particles to compare and contrast its atoms, ions, and isotopes.

      • Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (Ch-F.2)
      • Nuclear notation for atoms and ions (Ch-F.3)

    • 1.c Analyze and interpret data to identify or describe an element based on its number of protons, its relative abundance of isotopes, its organization and placement of electrons, and its light emission spectrum.

      • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ch-H.1)
      • Atomic emission and absorption spectra (Ch-H.3)
      • Identify the electron configuration of an atom or ion (Ch-H.4)

    • 1.d Ask questions to determine the relationship between an element's physical and chemical properties and its position on the periodic table.

      • Introduction to the periodic table (Ch-D.2)
      • History of the periodic table (Ch-D.3)

    • 1.e Construct explanations of how periodic trends can be used to predict the properties of elements.

      • Periodic trends: Ionization energy (Ch-I.1)

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

• Atomic and Molecular Interactions

  • 2 Construct explanations of the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular forces and their effects on atomic and molecular interactions.

    • 2.a Develop and use Lewis dot diagrams to model the formation of covalent and ionic bonds.

      • Introduction to chemical bonding (Ch-J.1)
      • Determine which type of chemical bond can form (Ch-J.2)

    • 2.b Construct an explanation of the change in potential energy that occurs when chemical bonds are formed.

    • 2.c Plan and carry out an investigation to identify specific physical and chemical properties of compounds formed from ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.

      • Classify and describe covalent substances, ionic compounds, and metals (Ch-J.3)

    • 2.d Develop and use models based on valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the shape of a molecule up to four electron domains around the central atom.

      • Identify the Lewis structure of a molecule or ion (Ch-L.1)
      • Predict the shape of a molecule using VSEPR theory (Ch-L.2)

    • 2.e Construct an explanation of the polarity of a molecule based on electronegativity data and molecular geometry.

      • Use Lewis structures to predict molecular polarity (Ch-L.3)

    • 2.f Analyze and interpret data from the periodic table to derive chemical formulas and names for ionic and covalent compounds.

      • Name binary ionic compounds (Ch-K.1)
      • Name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions (Ch-K.2)
      • Write chemical formulas of ionic compounds (Ch-K.3)
      • Name binary covalent compounds (Ch-K.4)
      • Write chemical formulas of binary covalent compounds (Ch-K.5)

    • 2.g Analyze and interpret data to compare the strengths of intermolecular forces and to explain how these forces affect physical properties.

      • Identify types of intermolecular forces between molecules (Ch-M.1)
      • Explore intermolecular forces and kinetic energy in phase diagrams (Ch-M.2)

Matter and Its Interactions: Energy

• Chemical Reactions

  • 3 Develop and use multiple types of models to represent chemical reactions.

    • 3.a Use qualitative and quantitative reasoning to describe and balance chemical equations to satisfy the law of conservation of matter.

      • Count atoms in chemical reactions using models (Ch-O.1)
      • Count atoms in chemical equations (Ch-O.2)
      • Balance chemical equations I (Ch-O.3)
      • Balance chemical equations II (Ch-O.4)

    • 3.b Use qualitative and quantitative reasoning to classify chemical reactions, predict the products of single replacement and double replacement reactions, and represent chemical reactions using ionic equations.

      • Classify chemical reactions (Ch-P.1)
      • Single replacement reactions (Ch-P.2)
      • Identify soluble and insoluble ionic compounds (Ch-P.3)
      • Double replacement reactions (Ch-P.4)

    • 3.c Analyze and interpret temperature and bond energy data to classify a reaction as endothermic or exothermic.

      • Identify exothermic and endothermic processes (Ch-E.2)

    • 3.d Construct an explanation, using particle diagrams and collision theory, for how particle size, concentration, and temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction.

      • Determine the average reaction rate (Ch-U.1)
      • Factors that affect reaction rate (Ch-U.2)

Matter and Its Interactions

• Stoichiometry

  • 4 Use stoichiometric ratios to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during chemical reactions.

    • 4.a Quantitatively apply the concepts of the mole and Avogadro's number to conceptualize and calculate percent composition and empirical or molecular formulas of common compounds.

      • Calculate molar mass (Ch-N.1)
      • Convert between mass and moles of a substance (Ch-N.2)
      • Convert between volume and moles of a gas at STP (Ch-N.3)

    • 4.b Use mathematical representations of the mole concept to solve reaction stoichiometry problems, involving mole-to-mole conversions, mass-to-mole conversions, and mass-to-mass conversions.

      • Determine mole ratios (Ch-Q.1)
      • Calculate the mass of a reactant or product (Ch-Q.2)
      • Calculate the number of particles of a reactant or product (Ch-Q.4)

    • 4.c Use mathematical models to reveal the relationships among the theoretical, actual, and percent yields of chemical reactions.

      • Calculate the percent yield of a reaction (Ch-Q.6)

    • 4.d Qualitatively and quantitatively determine the limiting reactant when given the masses of all reactants.

      • Identify a limiting reactant and calculate the amount of a product (Ch-Q.5)

    • 4.e Use mathematics and computational thinking to perform gas stoichiometry calculations involving mass, volume, and number of moles at standard temperature and pressure (STP).

      • Calculate the volume of a gaseous reactant or product at STP (Ch-Q.3)

• Solutions

  • 5 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information concerning factors that affect solubility and the properties of solutions.

    • 5.a Use mathematics and computational thinking to express the concentrations of given solutions in terms of molarity and molality.

      • Calculate the molarity, amount of solute, or volume of a solution (Ch-S.2)

    • 5.b Develop and use models to illustrate solute-solvent interactions.

    • 5.c Use mathematics and computational thinking to prepare solutions from both solids and concentrated solutions when given a desired molarity and volume.

      • Calculations involving dilutions (Ch-S.3)

    • 5.d Analyze and interpret data to explain the effects of temperature on the solubility of solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes in a solvent and the effects of pressure on the solubility of gaseous solutes.

      • Solve problems using solubility curves (Ch-S.1)

    • 5.e Design and conduct experiments to evaluate the effect of solute concentration on the colligative properties of a solution.

• Acids and Bases

  • 6 Make qualitative and quantitative claims, based on ion concentration, about the acidic, basic, or neutral characteristics of a solution.

    • 6.a Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information concerning the properties of acids and bases.

      • Introduction to acids and bases (Ch-W.1)
      • Compare acid and base strength (Ch-W.2)
      • The pH scale (Ch-W.3)

    • 6.b Use the periodic table and computational thinking to derive chemical formulas and names of acids and bases.

    • 6.c Use multiple models to predict the relative properties of strong, weak, concentrated, and dilute acids and bases.

      • Compare acid and base strength (Ch-W.2)

    • 6.d Use mathematics to calculate the pH, pOH, [OH^-], and [H₃O⁺] of common solutions.

      • Calculations involving the pH of strong acids and bases (Ch-W.4)

    • 6.e Plan and carry out a strong acid-strong base titration to determine the concentration of an unknown acidic or basic solution.

      • Use titration curves to calculate the concentration of a strong acid or base (Ch-W.5)

Energy

• Gases

  • 7 Plan and carry out investigations to determine how the atomic and molecular motion in chemical and physical processes is related to the kinetic molecular theory.

    • 7.a Qualitatively and quantitatively relate changes in the temperature and pressure of a gas to particle motion and number of collisions.

    • 7.b Express the relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas quantitatively, conceptually, and graphically.

      • Boyle's Law: pressure and volume relationships of gases (Ch-R.1)
      • Charles's Law: volume and temperature relationship of gases (Ch-R.2)
      • Ideal gas law (Ch-R.3)