The NGSS in Kentucky

PS1 Matter and Its Interactions

• PS1.A Structure and Properties of Matter

  • HS-PS1-1 Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

    • Introduction to the periodic table (Ch-D.2)
    • History of the periodic table (Ch-D.3)
    • Models of the atom (Ch-F.1)
    • Count subatomic particles in atoms and ions (Ch-F.2)
    • Identify the electron configuration of an atom or ion (Ch-H.4)
    • Periodic trends: Ionization energy (Ch-I.1)
    • Introduction to chemical bonding (Ch-J.1)
    • Determine which type of chemical bond can form (Ch-J.2)

  • HS-PS1-2 Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

    • Classify chemical reactions (Ch-P.1)
    • Single replacement reactions (Ch-P.2)
    • Identify soluble and insoluble ionic compounds (Ch-P.3)
    • Double replacement reactions (Ch-P.4)
    • Single and double replacement reactions: predict products and balance equations (Ch-P.5)

  • HS-PS1-3 Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the macro and micro scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

    • Predict the shape of a molecule using VSEPR theory (Ch-L.2)
    • Use Lewis structures to predict molecular polarity (Ch-L.3)
    • Explore intermolecular forces and kinetic energy in phase diagrams (Ch-M.2)

  • HS-PS1-4 Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

    • Matter and energy transfer between a system and its surroundings (Ch-E.1)
    • Identify exothermic and endothermic processes (Ch-E.2)

• PS1.B Chemical Reactions

  • HS-PS1-5 Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

    • Determine the average reaction rate (Ch-U.1)
    • Factors that affect reaction rate (Ch-U.2)

  • HS-PS1-6 Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

    • Predict the equilibrium shift (Ch-V.2)
    • Identify the stresses that cause an equilibrium shift (Ch-V.3)

  • HS-PS1-7 Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

    • Calculate molar mass (Ch-N.1)
    • Convert between mass and moles of a substance (Ch-N.2)
    • Convert between volume and moles of a gas at STP (Ch-N.3)
    • Convert between particles and moles of a substance (Ch-N.4)
    • Convert between moles, mass, particles, and volume of a substance at STP (Ch-N.)
    • Count atoms in chemical reactions using models (Ch-O.1)
    • Count atoms in chemical equations (Ch-O.2)
    • Balance chemical equations I (Ch-O.3)
    • Balance chemical equations II (Ch-O.4)
    • Determine mole ratios (Ch-Q.1)
    • Calculate the mass of a reactant or product (Ch-Q.2)
    • Calculate the volume of a gaseous reactant or product at STP (Ch-Q.3)
    • Calculate the number of particles of a reactant or product (Ch-Q.4)
    • Identify a limiting reactant and calculate the amount of a product (Ch-Q.5)
    • Calculate the percent yield of a reaction (Ch-Q.6)

• PS1.C Nuclear Processes

  • HS-PS1-8 Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

    • Types of radioactive decay (Ch-G.)
    • Classify nuclear reactions (Ch-G.1)
    • Predict products and reactants in nuclear reactions (Ch-G.2)

PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

• PS2.A Forces and Motion

  • HS-PS2-1 Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

    • Newton's laws of motion (Ph-F.1)
    • Newton's first law of motion (Ph-F.2)
    • Newton's second law of motion (Ph-F.3)

  • HS-PS2-2 Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

    • Conservation of momentum (Ph-G.1)

  • HS-PS2-3 Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

• PS2.B Types of Interactions

  • HS-PS2-4 Use mathematical representations of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

    • Newton's law of universal gravitation (Ph-I.4)
    • Orbital motion (Ph-I.5)
    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

  • HS-PS2-5 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

    • Magnets and magnetism (Ph-R.1)
    • Magnetic field calculations: solenoids (Ph-R.3)

  • HS-PS2-6 Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

    • Classify and describe covalent substances, ionic compounds, and metals (Ch-J.3)

PS3 Energy

• PS3.A Definitions of Energy

  • HS-PS3-1 Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.2)
    • The first law of thermodynamics (Ph-J.2)

  • HS-PS3-2 Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.2)

  • HS-PS3-3 Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

• PS3.B Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer

  • HS-PS3-4 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

• PS3.C Relationship Between Energy and Forces

  • HS-PS3-5 Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)
    • Magnetic field calculations: long, straight wires (Ph-R.2)
    • Magnetic force calculations: moving point charges (Ph-R.4)
    • Magnetic force calculations: current-carrying wires (Ph-R.)

PS4 Waves

• PS4.A Wave Properties

  • HS-PS4-1 Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

    • Introduction to waves (Ph-L.1)
    • Waves on strings (Ph-L.2)
    • Sound waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-M.1)
    • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ph-N.1)
    • Refraction of light (Ph-O.2)

  • HS-PS4-2 Evaluate questions about the advantages of using digital transmission and storage of information.

  • HS-PS4-3 Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

• PS4.B Electromagnetic Radiation

  • HS-PS4-4 Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

• PS4.C Information Technologies and Instrumentation

  • HS-PS4-5 Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.