Colorado

PS2 Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

• PS2.4 Newton's second law and the conservation of momentum can be used to predict changes in the motion of macroscopic objects.

  • PS2.4.a Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

    • Newton's laws of motion (Ph-F.1)
    • Newton's first law of motion (Ph-F.2)
    • Newton's second law of motion (Ph-F.3)

  • PS2.4.b Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

    • Conservation of momentum (Ph-G.1)

  • PS2.4.c Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

• PS2.5 Forces at a distance are explained by fields that can transfer energy and can be described in terms of the arrangement and properties of the interacting objects and the distance between them.

  • PS2.5.a Use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

    • Newton's law of universal gravitation (Ph-I.2)
    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

  • PS2.5.b Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

    • Magnets and magnetism (Ph-R.1)

PS3 Energy

• PS3.6 Energy is a quantitative property of a system that depends on the motion and interactions of matter and radiation within that system.

  • PS3.6.a Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.1)

  • PS3.6.b Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motion of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects).

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.1)

  • PS3.6.c Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

• PS3.7 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transported from one place to another and transferred between systems.

  • PS3.7.a Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.1)

  • PS3.7.b Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

    • Calculations involving specific heat (Ph-J.1)

• PS3.8 Force fields (gravitational, electric, and magnetic) contain energy and can transmit energy across space from one object to another.

  • PS3.8.a Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

• PS3.9 Although energy cannot be destroyed, it can be converted to less useful forms as it is captured, stored, and transferred.

  • PS3.9.a Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

  • PS3.9.b Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

    • Calculations involving specific heat (Ph-J.1)

PS4 Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

• PS4.10 Waves have characteristic properties and behaviors.

  • PS4.10.a Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

    • Waves on strings (Ph-L.1)
    • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ph-N.1)

  • PS4.10.b Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.

• PS4.11 Both an electromagnetic wave model and a photon model explain features of electromagnetic radiation broadly and describe common applications of electromagnetic radiation.

  • PS4.11.a Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

  • PS4.11.b Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

• PS4.12 Multiple technologies that are part of everyday experiences are based on waves and their interactions with matter.

  • PS4.12.a Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.