New York

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

• HS-PS2-1 Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

  • Newton's laws of motion (Ph-F.1)
  • Newton's first law of motion (Ph-F.2)
  • Newton's second law of motion (Ph-F.3)

• HS-PS2-2 Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

  • Conservation of momentum (Ph-G.1)

• HS-PS2-3 Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

• HS-PS2-4 Use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

  • Newton's law of universal gravitation (Ph-I.4)
  • Orbital motion (Ph-I.5)
  • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

• HS-PS2-5 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

  • Magnets and magnetism (Ph-R.1)
  • Magnetic field calculations: solenoids (Ph-R.3)

Energy

• HS-PS3-1 Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

  • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.2)
  • The first law of thermodynamics (Ph-J.2)
  • The second law of thermodynamics: calculate entropy (Ph-J.)

• HS-PS3-2 Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).

  • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.2)

• HS-PS3-3 Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

• HS-PS3-4 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

• HS-PS3-5 Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

  • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)
  • Magnetic field calculations: long, straight wires (Ph-R.2)
  • Magnetic force calculations: moving point charges (Ph-R.4)
  • Magnetic force calculations: current-carrying wires (Ph-R.)

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

• HS-PS4-1 Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.

  • Introduction to waves (Ph-L.1)
  • Waves on strings (Ph-L.2)
  • Sound waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-M.1)
  • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ph-N.1)
  • Electromagnetic waves: speed, frequency, and wavelength (Ph-N.)
  • Refraction of light (Ph-O.2)

• HS-PS4-2 Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.

• HS-PS4-3 Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

• HS-PS4-4 Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

• HS-PS4-5 Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.