Alabama

A New Nation

• 1 Trace the events from 1754 to 1783 that led to the independence of the United States of America.

  • 1a Explain how British policies and actions from 1754 to 1775 created political and economic disagreements with American colonists.

    • The French and Indian War (US-B.1)

  • 1b Analyze the means by which colonists protested British policies and the ideas communicated through colonists' speeches and written pamphlets.

  • 1c Summarize the main arguments within the Declaration of Independence, its rationale for separation from Great Britain, and its ideas of equality, liberty, natural rights, and the rule of law.

    • Source analysis: the Declaration of Independence (US-B.4)

  • 1d Evaluate the contributions of colonial leaders, including George Washington; military strategy; and the support of foreign nations to significant victories in the War for Independence.

    • The Revolutionary War: part I (US-B.2)

  • 1e Compare and contrast the contributions of different groups in colonial America to the War for Independence and the effects of the war on members of these groups, including free and enslaved Black Americans, Loyalists, Native Americans, and women.

    • The Revolutionary War: part II (US-B.3)

• 2 Evaluate how events and issues from the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783) to the ratification of the Constitution of the United States affected the development of the political system of the United States.

  • 2a Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and describe how Shays' Rebellion generated sentiment favoring a strong central government.

    • The Constitutional Convention (US-C.1)

  • 2b Describe the major issues debated at the Constitutional Convention and analyze the solutions produced, including: the distribution of political power among states and within the federal government; the conduct of foreign affairs, commerce, and trade; the election of the executive; and slavery as a regional and federal issue.

    • Federalism (CG-C.2)
    • Introduction to state and local government (CG-E.1)
    • Presidential elections (CG-H.2)
    • The Constitutional Convention (US-C.1)

  • 2c Compare the arguments of Federalists and Anti-Federalists regarding ratification of the United States Constitution, and explain how the Bill of Rights represented a compromise between fundamental liberties and the powers of government.

    • Source analysis: the Federalist Papers (CG-B.5)
    • The Constitutional Convention (US-C.1)

• 3 Analyze the major policies and political developments of the presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.

  • 3a Identify and explain factors leading to the development of political parties, including the conflicting views of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, George Washington's Farewell Address, and the election of 1800.

    • The presidency of George Washington (US-C.2)

  • 3b Analyze the development of economic infrastructure during the Early Republic, including the effects of Alexander Hamilton's economic policies.

  • 3c Explain the establishment of a national judiciary and its power, including the institution of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison (1803).

  • 3d Describe relations of the United States with Britain, France, and Native American nations from 1789 to 1812.

  • 3e Analyze the political and economic causes and consequences of the War of 1812, including the impact on Native Americans.

    • The War of 1812 (US-C.3)

• 4 Assess how the American Revolution and its rhetoric affected the status of slavery in the newly formed United States.

  • 4a Describe the growth of an anti-slavery movement in northern states through the founding of the first abolitionist societies, passage of gradual emancipation laws, court cases, and actions of individuals.

  • 4b Explain why the Northwest Ordinance's ban on slavery in new states north of the Ohio River (1787) was significant.

National Expansion and Reform

• 5 Explain causes, courses, and consequences of United States' expansionism and the rise of Manifest Destiny ideology prior to 1848.

  • 5a Describe how the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Northwest Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the Louisiana Purchase affected American territorial expansion.

  • 5b Summarize the effects of the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears on Native Americans, and describe the efforts by different nations to oppose removal.

    • Indian removal and the Trail of Tears (US-D.1)

  • 5c Describe how scientific and technological advances helped facilitate expansion prior to 1848.

    • The growth of sectionalism (US-E.1)

  • 5d Analyze reasons for migration via the western trails and the consequences of the rapid settlement of California, Oregon, Texas, and Utah on those migrating, those residing in these regions, and on the United States as a whole.

  • 5e Compare major events in Alabama from 1781 to 1823, including statehood as part of the expanding nation, acquisition of land, settlement, and the Creek War, to events occurring elsewhere in the developing nation.

• 6 Evaluate the influence of American social and political reform on the emergence of a national identity from the early to mid-nineteenth century.

  • 6a Describe the changes in political culture during the Age of Reform, including the concept of Jacksonian democracy.

    • Antebellum reform movements (US-D.2)

  • 6b Investigate and share information on the influence of individuals and movements of art, religion, education, and literature on the emergence of a national identity.

• 7 Assess how women challenged their societal roles under the Cult of Domesticity through their participation in social movements prior to the Civil War.

  • 7a Summarize the contributions of women reformers in the early to mid-nineteenth century who sought to expand political and educational opportunities for women.

    • Antebellum reform movements (US-D.2)

• 8 Explain how the acquisition of new land in the South and the invention of the cotton gin contributed to the growth of the cotton economy and increased demand for enslaved labor.

  • The growth of sectionalism (US-E.1)

  • 8a Analyze the domestic slave trade/forced migration, labor, and variations in the practice of slavery in different areas of the United States.

  • 8b Describe how enslaved people maintained African traditions and created their own unique culture, including foodways, spiritual beliefs, and ceremonies.

• 9 Explain how economic and social divisions led to heightened sectionalism between the North and the South, examining their geographical and economic distinctions and the disparities between agrarian and industrial interests.

  • 9a Explain how the Market Revolution fostered economic, cultural, and demographic changes in northern states.

    • The growth of sectionalism (US-E.1)

  • 9b Describe the central ideas of Henry Clay's American System, and explain how the implementation of these concepts contributed to the growth of the American economy and sectionalism.

  • 9c Compare and contrast political and sectional views on economic policies, and explain how these views led to political conflict during the early to mid-nineteenth century.

    • The growth of sectionalism (US-E.1)

A Nation Divided

• 10 Trace the evolution and expansion of abolitionism, examining the contributions of key abolitionist figures and analyzing the reactions of both southern and northern communities to this campaign.

  • 10a Describe forms of resistance to slavery demonstrated by enslaved and free Black Americans, and assess the impact of resistance on southern states' slave codes.

    • The abolition movement (US-D.3)
    • Source analysis: What to the slave is the Fourth of July? (US-D.4)

  • 10b Describe the rise of religious opposition to slavery during the Second Great Awakening, including the objections of Quakers, and how this fostered schisms within American churches.

  • 10c Identify leading abolitionists, including Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison, and summarize the arguments they made in opposition to slavery and in rebuttal to pro-slavery rhetoric.

    • The abolition movement (US-D.3)
    • Source analysis: What to the slave is the Fourth of July? (US-D.4)

  • 10d Evaluate how the Underground Railroad and its leaders shaped the national discussion over slavery, including the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act and publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.

    • The abolition movement (US-D.3)
    • Source analysis: What to the slave is the Fourth of July? (US-D.4)
    • Causes of the Civil War: compromises (US-E.2)

• 11 Analyze how government policies and events related to slavery led to increased sectionalism throughout the United States prior to the Civil War.

  • 11a Summarize major legislation and court decisions from 1820 to 1861 that sought to address the issue of slavery, and describe the sectional responses to these government actions.

    • Causes of the Civil War: compromises (US-E.2)

  • 11b Develop an argument to show how the causes and consequences of the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War escalated sectional tension in the debate over slavery and expansion.

    • Causes of the Civil War: compromises (US-E.2)

  • 11c Describe how Alabamians were impacted by growing sectionalism from 1832 to 1861, including the reliance on cotton and slave labor, the Second Creek War, and secession.

  • 11d Analyze the effect of sectionalism and debate over slavery on United States political parties in the 1850s and how this led to Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election and the secession of southern states.

    • Causes of the Civil War: compromises (US-E.2)

• 12 Explain the progression of the Civil War, analyzing the events and the decisions by key figures that led to United States victory and the abolition of slavery.

  • 12a Compare the military strategy, leadership, and resources of the United States and the Confederate States of America, and evaluate how these factors shaped the outcomes of key battles.

    • The Civil War: part I (US-E.3)
    • The Civil War: part II (US-E.4)

  • 12b Summarize the political, social, and economic role that Alabama played in the Civil War.

  • 12c Describe the social, economic, and political conditions that affected citizens during the Civil War and explain how both citizens and enslaved people contributed to the war effort.

    • The Civil War: part I (US-E.3)
    • The Civil War: part II (US-E.4)

  • 12d Summarize the effects of technological and scientific advancements of the mid-1800s on the strategy, battlefield tactics, and consequences of the Civil War.

  • 12e Trace the progression of emancipation during and after the Civil War, including the effects of self-emancipation, the Emancipation Proclamation, Juneteenth, and the Thirteenth Amendment.

    • The Civil War: part I (US-E.3)
    • The Civil War: part II (US-E.4)
    • Presidential Reconstruction (US-F.1)

• 13 Evaluate how Reconstruction affected the economic, political, and social landscape of the South.

  • 13a Describe the roles of key groups in seeking to influence or resist economic, political, and social change throughout the Reconstruction era in the United States.

    • Presidential Reconstruction (US-F.1)
    • Radical Reconstruction (US-F.2)
    • The end of Reconstruction (US-F.)

  • 13b Compare congressional and presidential Reconstruction plans, including the legislation and constitutional amendments each plan proposed and passed.

    • Presidential Reconstruction (US-F.1)
    • Radical Reconstruction (US-F.2)

  • 13c Explain how ownership of one's own labor and land were equated with freedom by freedpeople, and describe emerging labor systems that sought to limit this freedom in the former Confederacy.

    • Presidential Reconstruction (US-F.1)
    • Radical Reconstruction (US-F.2)

  • 13d Describe how Black Americans in the former Confederacy established new institutions and organizations to mobilize grassroots support for political participation and elect Black politicians to office.

    • Radical Reconstruction (US-F.2)

  • 13e Develop an argument regarding how national and regional events and trends brought Reconstruction to an end.

    • The end of Reconstruction (US-F.)

American Expansion Post-Civil War

• 14 Explain how westward expansion after the Civil War created economic growth in the West and affected the people living there as well as those migrating to the region.

  • 14a Evaluate the contributions of the Homestead Act and the transcontinental railroad to increased migration to and settlement of the West.

    • Immigration after the Civil War (US-G.3)

  • 14b Describe the economic and environmental impacts of new industries during the settlement of the West, including the mining and cattle industries.

  • 14c Explain the effects of federal policies and military actions on Native Americans after the Civil War and describe Native American resistance to these actions.

• 15 Evaluate the United States' efforts to increase engagement with Asia and the Pacific Islands in the late nineteenth century.

  • 15a Describe the economic contributions of Asian immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century and the hostility they faced in the United States.

    • Immigration after the Civil War (US-G.3)

  • 15b Summarize why the United States sought to acquire the Hawaiian Islands and describe native Hawaiians' efforts to resist annexation.

    • The rise of U.S. imperialism (US-H.1)

The Development of Industrial America

• 16 Describe the transformation of American society and politics during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

  • 16a Analyze how the growing awareness of economic and political corruption during the Gilded Age led to reform efforts on both state and national levels.

    • Industry in the Gilded Age (US-G.1)
    • Cities in the Gilded Age (US-G.4)
    • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)
    • Progressive Era reform movements (US-H.4)

  • 16b Describe the changes in American society that resulted from the inventions and innovations of business leaders, entrepreneurs, and inventors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

    • Industry in the Gilded Age (US-G.1)
    • Cities in the Gilded Age (US-G.4)

• 17 Analyze the push and pull factors contributing to the rapid growth of cities in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

  • 17a Summarize social, economic, and cultural consequences of urbanization for American society, including changes in living and working conditions, the emergence of new social classes, and the growth of leisure opportunities.

    • Cities in the Gilded Age (US-G.4)

  • 17b Explain how various reform and reactionary movements emerged in response to the challenges of urbanization and immigration.

    • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)
    • Progressive Era reform movements (US-H.4)
    • Women's suffrage (US-H.)

  • 17c Investigate and recount the experiences of immigrant communities in urban America, including patterns of settlement, cultural assimilation, and origins of migration.

    • Immigration after the Civil War (US-G.3)
    • Cities in the Gilded Age (US-G.4)

• 18 Describe the emergence of the Populist and Progressive movements and explain changes brought about by individual reformers and organizations.

  • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)
  • Progressive Era reform movements (US-H.4)

  • 18a Develop an argument supporting the significance of the National Farmers Alliance, Colored Farmers' National Alliance, and the Grange in shaping the life of farmers and promoting economic reform.

  • 18b Assess the effectiveness of muckrakers' use of literature, newspapers, photography, and other media to inspire change during the Progressive Era.

    • Progressive Era reform movements (US-H.4)

  • 18c Summarize the rise of labor unions and their efforts to improve working conditions in industrial America.

  • 18d Analyze the roles and differing viewpoints of female reformers and women's organizations in guiding the women's suffrage and temperance movements.

    • Women's suffrage (US-H.)

• 19 Describe the emergence of the New South economy and Jim Crow era, and explain the corresponding efforts to secure civil rights by Black Americans after Reconstruction.

  • 19a Explain how Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), and violence shaped the economic, political, and social structure of the New South after Reconstruction.

    • The Jim Crow system (US-G.5)

  • 19b Summarize political and social motives that influenced the writing of the Constitution of Alabama of 1901, and explain its effect on politics and economics in Alabama.

  • 19c Analyze the ideologies, efforts, and impacts of civil rights reformers, groups, and civic organizations that challenged Jim Crow laws and violence at the turn of the twentieth century.

    • The Jim Crow system (US-G.5)

  • 19d Describe the efforts of reformers to create greater educational and economic opportunities for Black Americans through the establishment of new institutions and organizations.

• 20 Compare and contrast the domestic agendas and accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

  • The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (US-H.2)
  • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)

  • 20a Critique the effectiveness of national legislation passed during the Progressive Era in addressing concerns regarding business practices, including the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.

    • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)

  • 20b Describe the political reforms passed during the Progressive Era.

    • The presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (US-H.2)
    • Politics in the Progressive Era (US-H.3)
    • Women's suffrage (US-H.)