Mississippi

BIO.1 Cells as a System

• BIO.1A Students will demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics of life and biological organization.

  • BIO.1A.1 Develop criteria to differentiate between living and non-living things.

  • BIO.1A.2 Describe the tenets of cell theory and the contributions of Schwann, Hooke, Schleiden, and Virchow.

    • Cells and cell theory (B-E.1)

  • BIO.1A.3 Using specific examples, explain how cells can be organized into complex tissues, organs, and organ systems in multicellular organisms.

    • Organization in the human body: the heart and the circulatory system (B-G.1)

  • BIO.1A.4 Use evidence from current scientific literature to support whether a virus is living or non-living.

• BIO.1B Students will analyze the structure and function of the macromolecules that make up cells.

  • BIO.1B.1 Develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in organisms.

    • Structure and function: carbohydrates (B-D.1)
    • Structure and function: lipids (B-D.2)
    • Structure and function: proteins (B-D.3)
    • Structure and function: nucleic acids (B-D.4)
    • Identify the structures and functions of biomolecules (B-D.5)
    • Compare the structures and functions of biomolecules (B-D.6)

  • BIO.1B.2 Design and conduct an experiment to determine how enzymes react given various environmental conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, and concentration). Analyze, interpret, graph, and present data to explain how those changing conditions affect the enzyme activity and the rate of the reactions that take place in biological organisms.

• BIO.1C Students will relate the diversity of organelles to a variety of specialized cellular functions.

  • BIO.1C.1 Develop and use models to explore how specialized structures within cells (e.g., nucleus, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplast, centrosomes, and vacuoles) interact to carry out the functions necessary for organism survival.

    • Identify functions of plant cell parts (B-E.2)
    • Identify functions of animal cell parts (B-E.3)
    • Plant cell diagrams: label parts (B-E.4)
    • Animal cell diagrams: label parts (B-E.5)

  • BIO.1C.2 Investigate to compare and contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, and plant, animal, and fungal cells.

    • Compare cell types by their structures (B-E.6)
    • Classify and describe organisms using domains (B-O.1)
    • Classify and describe eukaryotic organisms (B-O.2)

  • BIO.1C.3 Contrast the structure of viruses with that of cells, and explain why viruses must use living cells to reproduce.

• BIO.1D Students will describe the structure of the cell membrane and analyze how the structure is related to its primary function of regulating transport in and out of cells to maintain homeostasis.

  • BIO.1D.1 Plan and conduct investigations to prove that the cell membrane is a semi-permeable, allowing it to maintain homeostasis with its environment through active and passive transport processes.

    • Structure and function of the cell membrane (B-F.1)
    • Types of passive transport (B-F.2)
    • How does tonicity affect plant and animal cells? (B-F.)
    • Active transport (B-F.4)

  • BIO.1D.2 Develop and use models to explain how the cell deals with imbalances of solute concentration across the cell membrane (i.e., hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic conditions, sodium/potassium pump).

    • Types of passive transport (B-F.2)
    • Osmosis (B-F.3)
    • How does tonicity affect plant and animal cells? (B-F.)
    • Active transport (B-F.4)

• BIO.1E Students will develop and use models to explain the role of the cell cycle during growth, development, and maintenance in multicellular organisms.

  • BIO.1E.1 Construct models to explain how the processes of cell division and cell differentiation produce and maintain complex multicellular organisms.

    • Introduction to cell division (B-I.1)
    • The cell cycle (B-I.2)
    • Describe phases of mitosis and the cell cycle (B-I.3)
    • Identify phases of mitosis and the cell cycle in plant cells (B-I.4)

  • BIO.1E.2 Identify and describe the changes that occur in a cell during replication. Explore problems that might occur if the cell does not progress through the cycle correctly (cancer).

    • Identify phases of mitosis and the cell cycle in plant cells (B-I.4)

  • BIO.1E.3 Relate the processes of cellular reproduction to asexual reproduction in simple organisms (i.e., budding, vegetative propagation, regeneration, binary fission). Explain why the DNA of the daughter cells is the same as the parent cell.

    • Introduction to cell division (B-I.1)
    • DNA replication (B-J.2)

  • BIO.1E.4 Enrichment: Use an engineering design process to investigate the role of stem cells in regeneration and asexual reproduction, then develop applications of stem cell research to solve human medical conditions.

BIO.2 Energy Transfer

• BIO.2 Students will explain that cells transform energy through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration to drive cellular functions.

  • BIO.2.1 Use models to demonstrate that ATP and ADP are cycled within a cell as a means to transfer energy.

  • BIO.2.2 Develop models of the major reactants and products of photosynthesis to demonstrate the transformation of light energy into stored chemical energy in cells. Emphasize the chemical processes in which bonds are broken and energy is released, and new bonds are formed and energy is stored.

    • The chemistry of photosynthesis (B-H.1)

  • BIO.2.3 Develop models of the major reactants and products of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) to demonstrate the transformation of the chemical energy stored in food to the available energy of ATP. Emphasize the chemical processes in which bonds are broken and energy is released, and new bonds are formed and energy is stored.

    • The chemistry of cellular respiration (B-H.2)
    • Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation (B-H.3)

  • BIO.2.4 Conduct scientific investigations or computer simulations to compare aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration in plants and animals, using real world examples.

    • Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation (B-H.3)

  • BIO.2.5 Enrichment: Investigate variables (e.g., nutrient availability, temperature) that affect anaerobic respiration and current real-world applications of fermentation.

    • Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation (B-H.3)

  • BIO.2.6 Enrichment: Use an engineering design process to manipulate factors involved in fermentation to optimize energy production.

    • Aerobic cellular respiration, anaerobic cellular respiration, and fermentation (B-H.3)

BIO.3 Reproduction and Heredity

• BIO.3A Students will develop and use models to explain the role of meiosis in the production of haploid gametes required for sexual reproduction.

  • BIO.3A.1 Model sex cell formation (meiosis) and combination (fertilization) to demonstrate the maintenance of chromosome number through each generation in sexually reproducing populations. Explain why the DNA of the daughter cells is different from the DNA of the parent cell.

    • Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part I (B-L.1)
    • Sexual reproduction and genetic variation: part II (B-L.2)
    • The phases of meiosis (B-L.3)

  • BIO.3A.2 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of reproduction.

    • Identify phases of mitosis and the cell cycle in plant cells (B-I.4)

  • BIO.3A.3 Investigate chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome) that might arise from errors in meiosis (nondisjunction) and how these abnormalities are identified (karyotypes).

• BIO.3B Students will analyze and interpret data collected from probability calculations to explain the variation of expressed traits within a population.

  • BIO.3B.1 Demonstrate Mendel's law of dominance and segregation using mathematics to predict phenotypic and genotypic ratios by constructing Punnett squares with both homozygous and heterozygous allele pairs.

    • Mendel's laws of heredity (B-M.1)
    • Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype (B-M.2)
    • Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive (B-M.3)
    • Punnett squares: Mendelian inheritance (B-M.4)

  • BIO.3B.2 Illustrate Mendel's law of independent assortment using Punnett squares and/or the product rule of probability to analyze monohybrid crosses.

    • Mendel's laws of heredity (B-M.1)
    • Punnett squares: Mendelian inheritance (B-M.4)

  • BIO.3B.3 Investigate traits that follow non-Mendelian inheritance patterns (e.g., incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles in human blood types, and sex-linkage).

    • Punnett squares: incomplete dominance and codominance (B-M.5)
    • Punnett squares: multiple alleles (B-M.6)

  • BIO.3B.4 Analyze and interpret data (e.g., pedigrees, family, and population studies) regarding Mendelian and complex genetic traits (e.g., sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, color-blindness, and hemophilia) to determine patterns of inheritance and disease risk.

• BIO.3C Students will construct an explanation based on evidence to describe how the structure and nucleotide base sequence of DNA determines the structure of proteins or RNA that carry out essential functions of life.

  • BIO.3C.1 Develop and use models to explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes in coding the instructions for the traits transferred from parent to offspring.

    • Structure and function: nucleic acids (B-D.4)
    • Introduction to the genetic code (B-J.1)

  • BIO.3C.2 Evaluate the mechanisms of transcription and translation in protein synthesis.

    • Protein synthesis: transcription (B-K.1)
    • Protein synthesis: translation (B-K.2)
    • Read a codon wheel (B-K.3)
    • Read a codon table (B-K.4)
    • Use a codon wheel to transcribe and translate DNA sequences (B-K.5)
    • Use a codon table to transcribe and translate DNA sequences (B-K.6)

  • BIO.3C.3 Use models to predict how various changes in the nucleotide sequence (e.g., point mutations, deletions, and additions) will affect the resulting protein product and the subsequent inherited trait.

    • Gene mutations (B-K.7)

  • BIO.3C.4 Research and identify how DNA technology benefits society. Engage in scientific argument from evidence over the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (e.g., cloning, transgenic organisms, stem cell research, and the Human Genome Project, gel electrophoresis).

  • BIO.3C.5 Enrichment: Investigate current biotechnological applications in the study of the genome (e.g., transcriptome, proteome, individualized sequencing, and individualized gene therapy).

BIO.4 Adaptations and Evolution

• BIO.4 Students will analyze and interpret evidence to explain the unity and diversity of life.

  • BIO.4.1 Use models to differentiate between organic and chemical evolution, illustrating the steps leading to aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs.

  • BIO.4.2 Evaluate empirical evidence of common ancestry and biological evolution, including comparative anatomy (e.g., homologous structures and embryological similarities), fossil record, molecular/biochemical similarities (e.g., gene and protein homology), and biogeographic distribution.

    • Evaluate fossil evidence of evolution (B-N.2)
    • Evaluate anatomical and molecular evidence of evolution (B-N.3)

  • BIO.4.3 Construct cladograms/phylogenetic trees to illustrate relatedness between species.

  • BIO.4.4 Design models and use simulations to investigate the interaction between changing environments and genetic variation in natural selection leading to adaptations in populations and differential success of populations.

    • Construct explanations of natural selection (B-N.4)
    • Natural selection in action: antibiotic-resistant bacteria (B-N.)

  • BIO.4.5 Use Darwin's Theory to explain how genetic variation, competition, overproduction, and unequal reproductive success acts as driving forces of natural selection and evolution.

    • Source analysis: Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (B-N.1)

  • BIO.4.6 Construct explanations for the mechanisms of speciation (e.g., geographic and reproductive isolation).

  • BIO.4.7 Enrichment: Construct explanations for how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection.

BIO.5 Interdependence of Organisms and Their Environments

• BIO.5 Students will Investigate and evaluate the interdependence of living organisms and their environment.

  • BIO.5.1 Illustrate levels of ecological hierarchy, including organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.

  • BIO.5.2 Analyze models of the cycling of matter (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water) between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem and evaluate the ability of these cycles to maintain the health and sustainability of the ecosystem.

    • The carbon cycle: biosphere processes and interactions (B-P.4)
    • The carbon cycle: geosphere processes and interactions (B-P.5)

  • BIO.5.3 Analyze and interpret quantitative data to construct an explanation for the effects of greenhouse gases on the carbon dioxide cycle and global climate.

  • BIO.5.4 Develop and use models to describe the flow of energy and amount of biomass through food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.

    • Interpret a Serengeti food web (B-P.1)
    • Interpret an Antarctic food web (B-P.2)
    • Trophic levels and energy pyramids (B-P.3)

  • BIO.5.5 Evaluate symbiotic relationships (e.g., mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism) and other coevolutionary (e.g., predator-prey, cooperation, competition, and mimicry) relationships within specific environments.

    • How can group behavior affect survival? Identify evidence to support a claim (B-P.10)
    • Classify ecological relationships (B-P.11)

  • BIO.5.6 Analyze and interpret population data, both density-dependent and density-independent, to define limiting factors. Use graphical representations (growth curves) to illustrate the carrying capacity within ecosystems.

    • Patterns of population growth (B-P.6)
    • Factors affecting carrying capacity (B-P.7)
    • Factors affecting Yellowstone bison population dynamics (B-P.8)
    • Lake biodiversity and eutrophication: explore a problem (B-Q.2)

  • BIO.5.7 Investigate and evaluate factors involved in primary and secondary ecological succession using local, real world examples.

    • Ecological succession (B-P.9)

  • BIO.5.8 Enrichment: Use an engineering design process to create a solution that addresses changing ecological conditions (e.g., climate change, invasive species, loss of biodiversity, human population growth, habitat destruction, biomagnification, or natural phenomena).

    • Lake eutrophication: evaluate solutions (B-Q.)

  • BIO.5.9 Enrichment: Use an engineering design process to investigate and model current technological uses of biomimicry to address solutions to real-world problems.