Pennsylvania

3.2 Physical Science

• Forces and Motion

  • 3.2.9-12.I Analyze data to support the claim that Newton's second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

    • Newton's laws of motion (Ph-F.1)
    • Newton's first law of motion (Ph-F.2)
    • Newton's second law of motion (Ph-F.3)

  • 3.2.9-12.J Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

    • Conservation of momentum (Ph-G.1)

  • 3.2.9-12.K Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

• Types of Interactions

  • 3.2.9-12.L Use mathematical representations of Newton's Law of Gravitation and Coulomb's Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

    • Newton's law of universal gravitation (Ph-I.2)
    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

  • 3.2.9-12.M Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

    • Magnets and magnetism (Ph-R.1)

• Definitions of Energy

  • 3.2.9-12.O Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.1)

  • 3.2.9-12.P Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects).

    • Conservation of mechanical energy (Ph-H.1)

  • 3.2.9-12.Q Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

• Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer

  • 3.2.9-12.R Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

    • Calculations involving specific heat (Ph-J.1)

• Relationship Between Energy and Forces

  • 3.2.9-12.S Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

    • Coulomb's law: electrostatic forces (Ph-P.1)

• Wave Properties

  • 3.2.9-12.T Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

    • Waves on strings (Ph-L.1)
    • Properties of electromagnetic waves (Ph-N.1)

  • 3.2.9-12.U Evaluate questions about the advantages of using digital transmission and storage of information.

  • 3.2.9-12.V Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

• Electromagnetic Radiation

  • 3.2.9-12.W Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

• Information Technologies and Instrumentation

  • 3.2.9-12.X Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.