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Skills available for Arizona eighth-grade social studies standards

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Arizona History and Social Science Standards Arizona History and Social Science Standards

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8.SP Disciplinary Skills and Processes

Chronological reasoning requires understanding processes of change and continuity over time, which means assessing similarities and differences between historical periods and between the past and present.
Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to identify, compare, and evaluate multiple perspectives about a given event to draw conclusions about that event since there are multiple points of view about events and issues.
- 8.SP2.1 Analyze multiple factors that influence the perspectives of people during different historical eras.
  - Source analysis: the Boston Massacre (8-L.9)
- 8.SP2.2 Explain how and why perspectives of people have changed over time.
- 8.SP2.3 Analyze how people's perspectives influenced what information is available in the historical sources they created.
  - Source analysis: the Boston Massacre (8-L.9)
  - Source analysis: the Gettysburg Address (8-P.5)
Historians and Social Scientists gather, interpret, and use evidence to develop claims and answer historical, economic, geographical, and political questions and communicate their conclusions.
- 8.SP3.1 Create and answer compelling and supporting questions that reflect enduring issues in the field of history and social science.
- 8.SP3.2 Detect possible limitations in the historical record based on evidence collected from various kinds of historical sources.
- 8.SP3.3 Use questions generated about multiple historical sources to identify further areas of inquiry and additional sources.
- 8.SP3.4 Evaluate the relevance and utility of historical sources based on information such as author, date, origin, intended audience, and purpose.
  - Identify primary and secondary sources (8-T.1)
  - Identify facts and opinions (8-T.2)
- 8.SP3.5 Gather relevant information from multiple sources while using the origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value of the source to guide the selection to support claims and counterclaims.
- 8.SP3.6 Construct and present arguments based on claims and counterclaims while pointing out the strengths and limitations of the arguments.
- 8.SP3.7 Construct and present explanations using reasoning, correct sequence, examples, details with relevant information and data, while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of the explanations.
- 8.SP3.8 Present arguments and explanations on topics of interest to others to reach multiple audiences in and outside of the classroom print, oral, and digital technologies.
Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to analyze relationships among causes and effects and to create and support arguments using relevant evidence.
- 8.SP4.1 Explain the multiple causes and effects of events and developments in the past.
- 8.SP4.2 Evaluate the influence of various causes of events and developments in the past.
- 8.SP4.3 Organize applicable evidence into a coherent argument about the multiple causes and effects of events and issues.
- 8.SP4.4 Compare the credibility, and authenticity of central arguments in secondary works of history on related topics in multiple media.

8.C Civics

Civic virtues and democratic principles are key components of the American political system.
- 8.C1.1 Analyze ideas and principles contained in the founding documents of the United States, including the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and explain how they influence society and political systems.
- 8.C1.2 Demonstrate civic virtues that contribute to the common good and democratic principles within a variety of deliberative processes and settings.
  - Rights and responsibilities of active citizenship (8-D.2)
- 8.C1.3 Analyze the influence of personal interests and perspectives when people address issues and problems in government and civil society.
- 8.C1.4 Engage in projects to help or inform others such as community service and service-learning projects.
Citizens have individual rights, roles, and responsibilities.
- 8.C2.1 Analyze the powers of citizens in a variety of governmental and non-governmental contexts.
- 8.C2.2 Explain specific roles, rights and responsibilities of people in a society.
  - Rights and responsibilities of active citizenship (8-D.2)
- 8.C2.3 Analyze concepts and ideals such as majority and minority rights, civil dissent, and the rule of law.
  - Purposes of government (8-A.1)
- 8.C2.4 Explain how immigrants become naturalized citizens.
  - Citizenship and the naturalization process (8-D.1)
An understanding of civic and political institutions in society and the principles these institutions are intended to reflect including knowledge about law, politics, and government is essential to effective citizenship.
- 8.C3.1 Describe the impact of political and civic institutions such as political parties, interest groups, elections, and the media in shaping policy.
  - Rights and responsibilities of active citizenship (8-D.2)
- 8.C3.2 Examine the origins and purpose of constitutions, laws, treaties, and international agreements.
  - Purposes of government (8-A.1)
- 8.C3.3 Compare the structures, powers, and limits of government at distinct levels in the United States.
  - State and local government (8-A.6)
  - Laws and courts (8-C.1)
Process, rules, and laws direct how individuals are governed and how society addresses problems.
- 8.C4.1 Compare historical and contemporary means of changing societies to promote the common good.
- 8.C4.2 Assess specific rules and laws (both actual and proposed) as means of addressing public problems.
- 8.C4.3 Analyze the purpose, process, implementation, and consequences of decision making and public policies in multiple settings and at different levels including the national, state, local (county, city, school board), and tribal.
- 8.C4.4 Identify, research, analyze, discuss, and defend a position on a national, state, or local public policy issue including an action plan to address or inform others about the issue.
- 8.C4.5 Analyze how a specific problem can manifest itself at the local, regional, and global levels, identifying its characteristics and causes, and the challenges and opportunities faced by those trying to address the problem. Apply a range of deliberative and democratic procedures to take action and solve the problem.

8.E Economics

A financially literate individual understands how to manage income, spending, and investment.
- 8.E1.1 Analyze the relationship between education, income, and job opportunities.
- 8.E1.2 Analyze the relationship between interest rates, saving, and use of credit.
  - Banks (8-F.1)
- 8.E1.3 Analyze the relationship between investment and return.
  - Banks (8-F.1)
- 8.E1.4 Examine the factors that influence spending decisions.
- 8.E1.5 Create a budget and examine the benefits of budgeting.
- 8.E1.6 Analyze the impact of debt on individuals.
- 8.E1.7 Understand several types of financial investments and calculate rates of return.
- 8.E1.8 Identify ways insurance may minimize personal financial risk.
By applying economic reasoning, individuals seek to understand the decisions of people, groups, and societies.
- 8.E2.1 Explain how economic decisions affect the well-being of individuals, businesses, and society.
- 8.E2.2 Evaluate current economic issues in terms of benefits and costs for distinct groups.
  - Costs and benefits (8-E.2)
  - Opportunity cost (8-E.3)
Individuals and institutions are interdependent within market systems.
- 8.E3.1 Explain the roles of buyers, sellers, and profits in product, labor, and financial markets.
  - What is a market? (8-E.5)
- 8.E3.2 Analyze the relationship between supply, demand, and competition and their influence on prices, wages, and production.
- 8.E3.3 Analyze the influence of institutions such as corporations, non-profits, and labor unions in a market economy.
The domestic economy is shaped by interactions between government, institutions, and the private sector.
- 8.E4.1 Explain how inflation, deflation, and unemployment affect distinct groups.
- 8.E4.2 Explain the influence of changes in interest rates on borrowing and investing.
- 8.E4.3 Explain the effect of productivity on standard of living.
The interconnected global economy impacts all individuals and groups in significant and varied ways.
- 8.E5.1 Explain the interdependence of trade and how trade barriers influence trade among nations.
  - Trade and specialization (8-E.4)
- 8.E5.2 Compare various economic systems such as command, mixed, and free market.
  - What is a market? (8-E.5)
- 8.E5.3 Explain the benefits and the costs of trade policies to individuals, businesses, and society.
  - Trade and specialization (8-E.4)

8.G Geography

The use of geographic representations and tools helps individuals understand their world.
- 8.G1.1 Use geographic tools and representations to analyze historical and modern political and economic issues and events.
Human-environment interactions are essential aspects of human life in all societies.
- 8.G2.1 Examine impact of and responses to environmental issues such as air, water, and land pollution, deforestation, urban sprawl, and changes to climate.
- 8.G2.2 Evaluate how political, social, and economic decisions throughout time have influenced cultural and environmental characteristics of various places and regions.
Examining human population and movement helps individuals understand past, present, and future conditions on Earth's surface.
- 8.G3.1 Evaluate the impact of economic, political, and social decisions that have caused conflict or promoted cooperation throughout time.
Global interconnections and spatial patterns are a necessary part of geographic reasoning.
- 8.G4.1 Take an active stance on a geographic issue reflecting its scale (local, regional, state, national, or global).

8.H History

Cycles of conflict and cooperation have shaped relations among people, places, and environments.
- 8.H2.1 Explain how different beliefs about the government's role in social and economic life have affected political debates and policies in the United States.
- 8.H2.2 Investigate how conflict can be both unifying and divisive both domestically and internationally.
- 8.H2.3 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped communities and how competition over resources have affected government policies.
Economic, political, and religious ideas and institutions have influenced history and continue to shape the modern world.
- 8.H3.1 Explain how and why prevailing civil, social, religious, and political movements changed the United States during the 20th and 21st centuries.
- 8.H3.2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
  - Antebellum reform movements (8-O.3)
  - The abolitionists (8-O.6)
- 8.H3.3 Compare how individual rights, freedoms, and responsibilities have evolved over time around the world.
- 8.H3.4 Investigate a significant historical topic from United States History that has significance to an issue or topic today.

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8.SP Disciplinary Skills and Processes

Chronological reasoning requires understanding processes of change and continuity over time, which means assessing similarities and differences between historical periods and between the past and present.

8.SP1.1 Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

8.SP1.2 Classify a series of historical events and developments as examples of change and/or continuity.

8.SP1.3 Evaluate the significance of past events and their effect on students' lives and society.

8.SP1.4 Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are historically significant.

Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to identify, compare, and evaluate multiple perspectives about a given event to draw conclusions about that event since there are multiple points of view about events and issues.

8.SP2.1 Analyze multiple factors that influence the perspectives of people during different historical eras.

8.SP2.2 Explain how and why perspectives of people have changed over time.

8.SP2.3 Analyze how people's perspectives influenced what information is available in the historical sources they created.

Historians and Social Scientists gather, interpret, and use evidence to develop claims and answer historical, economic, geographical, and political questions and communicate their conclusions.

8.SP3.1 Create and answer compelling and supporting questions that reflect enduring issues in the field of history and social science.

8.SP3.2 Detect possible limitations in the historical record based on evidence collected from various kinds of historical sources.

8.SP3.3 Use questions generated about multiple historical sources to identify further areas of inquiry and additional sources.

8.SP3.4 Evaluate the relevance and utility of historical sources based on information such as author, date, origin, intended audience, and purpose.

8.SP3.5 Gather relevant information from multiple sources while using the origin, authority, structure, context, and corroborative value of the source to guide the selection to support claims and counterclaims.

8.SP3.6 Construct and present arguments based on claims and counterclaims while pointing out the strengths and limitations of the arguments.

8.SP3.7 Construct and present explanations using reasoning, correct sequence, examples, details with relevant information and data, while acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of the explanations.

8.SP3.8 Present arguments and explanations on topics of interest to others to reach multiple audiences in and outside of the classroom print, oral, and digital technologies.

Thinking within the discipline involves the ability to analyze relationships among causes and effects and to create and support arguments using relevant evidence.

8.SP4.1 Explain the multiple causes and effects of events and developments in the past.

8.SP4.2 Evaluate the influence of various causes of events and developments in the past.

8.SP4.3 Organize applicable evidence into a coherent argument about the multiple causes and effects of events and issues.

8.SP4.4 Compare the credibility, and authenticity of central arguments in secondary works of history on related topics in multiple media.

8.C Civics

Civic virtues and democratic principles are key components of the American political system.

8.C1.1 Analyze ideas and principles contained in the founding documents of the United States, including the Declaration of Independence and Constitution, and explain how they influence society and political systems.

8.C1.2 Demonstrate civic virtues that contribute to the common good and democratic principles within a variety of deliberative processes and settings.

8.C1.3 Analyze the influence of personal interests and perspectives when people address issues and problems in government and civil society.

8.C1.4 Engage in projects to help or inform others such as community service and service-learning projects.

Citizens have individual rights, roles, and responsibilities.

8.C2.1 Analyze the powers of citizens in a variety of governmental and non-governmental contexts.

8.C2.2 Explain specific roles, rights and responsibilities of people in a society.

8.C2.3 Analyze concepts and ideals such as majority and minority rights, civil dissent, and the rule of law.

8.C2.4 Explain how immigrants become naturalized citizens.

An understanding of civic and political institutions in society and the principles these institutions are intended to reflect including knowledge about law, politics, and government is essential to effective citizenship.

8.C3.1 Describe the impact of political and civic institutions such as political parties, interest groups, elections, and the media in shaping policy.

8.C3.2 Examine the origins and purpose of constitutions, laws, treaties, and international agreements.

8.C3.3 Compare the structures, powers, and limits of government at distinct levels in the United States.

Process, rules, and laws direct how individuals are governed and how society addresses problems.

8.C4.1 Compare historical and contemporary means of changing societies to promote the common good.

8.C4.2 Assess specific rules and laws (both actual and proposed) as means of addressing public problems.

8.C4.3 Analyze the purpose, process, implementation, and consequences of decision making and public policies in multiple settings and at different levels including the national, state, local (county, city, school board), and tribal.

8.C4.4 Identify, research, analyze, discuss, and defend a position on a national, state, or local public policy issue including an action plan to address or inform others about the issue.

8.E Economics

A financially literate individual understands how to manage income, spending, and investment.

8.E1.1 Analyze the relationship between education, income, and job opportunities.

8.E1.2 Analyze the relationship between interest rates, saving, and use of credit.

8.E1.3 Analyze the relationship between investment and return.

8.E1.4 Examine the factors that influence spending decisions.

8.E1.5 Create a budget and examine the benefits of budgeting.

8.E1.6 Analyze the impact of debt on individuals.

8.E1.7 Understand several types of financial investments and calculate rates of return.

8.E1.8 Identify ways insurance may minimize personal financial risk.

By applying economic reasoning, individuals seek to understand the decisions of people, groups, and societies.

8.E2.1 Explain how economic decisions affect the well-being of individuals, businesses, and society.

8.E2.2 Evaluate current economic issues in terms of benefits and costs for distinct groups.

Individuals and institutions are interdependent within market systems.

8.E3.1 Explain the roles of buyers, sellers, and profits in product, labor, and financial markets.

8.E3.2 Analyze the relationship between supply, demand, and competition and their influence on prices, wages, and production.

8.E3.3 Analyze the influence of institutions such as corporations, non-profits, and labor unions in a market economy.

The domestic economy is shaped by interactions between government, institutions, and the private sector.

8.E4.1 Explain how inflation, deflation, and unemployment affect distinct groups.

8.E4.2 Explain the influence of changes in interest rates on borrowing and investing.

8.E4.3 Explain the effect of productivity on standard of living.

The interconnected global economy impacts all individuals and groups in significant and varied ways.

8.E5.1 Explain the interdependence of trade and how trade barriers influence trade among nations.

8.E5.2 Compare various economic systems such as command, mixed, and free market.

8.E5.3 Explain the benefits and the costs of trade policies to individuals, businesses, and society.

8.G Geography

The use of geographic representations and tools helps individuals understand their world.

8.G1.1 Use geographic tools and representations to analyze historical and modern political and economic issues and events.

Human-environment interactions are essential aspects of human life in all societies.

8.G2.1 Examine impact of and responses to environmental issues such as air, water, and land pollution, deforestation, urban sprawl, and changes to climate.

8.G2.2 Evaluate how political, social, and economic decisions throughout time have influenced cultural and environmental characteristics of various places and regions.

Examining human population and movement helps individuals understand past, present, and future conditions on Earth's surface.

8.G3.1 Evaluate the impact of economic, political, and social decisions that have caused conflict or promoted cooperation throughout time.