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Skills available for Ohio eighth-grade science standards

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Ohio Learning Standards Ohio Learning Standards
Ohio New Learning Standards: Grades 6-8 Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects Ohio New Learning Standards: Grades 6-8 Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects
Ohio New Learning Standards (2011) Ohio New Learning Standards (2011)

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ESS Earth and Space Science

This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms.
- The composition and properties of Earth's interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves.
  - The refraction and reflection of seismic waves as they move through one type of material to another is used to differentiate the layers of Earth's interior. Earth has an inner and outer core, an upper and lower mantle, and a crust.
    - Label Earth layers (8-AA.1)
  - The formation of the planet generated heat from gravitational energy and the decay of radioactive elements, which are still present today. Heat released from Earth's core drives convection currents throughout the mantle and the crust.
- Earth's crust consists of major and minor tectonic plates that move relative to each other.
  - Historical data and observations such as fossil distribution, paleomagnetism, continental drift and sea-floor spreading contributed to the theory of plate tectonics. The rigid tectonic plates move with the molten rock and magma beneath them in the upper mantle.
  - Convection currents in the crust and upper mantle cause the movement of the plates. The energy that forms convection currents comes from deep within the Earth.
  - There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform. Each type of boundary results in specific motion and causes events (such as earthquakes or volcanic activity) or features (such as mountains or trenches) that are indicative of the type of boundary.
    - Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world (8-AA.3)
- A combination of constructive and destructive geologic processes formed Earth's surface.
  - Earth's surface is formed from a variety of different geologic processes, including but not limited to plate tectonics.
    - Label Earth features at tectonic plate boundaries (8-AA.2)
    - Describe tectonic plate boundaries around the world (8-AA.3)
- Evidence of the dynamic changes of Earth's surface through time is found in the geologic record.
  - Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old. Earth history is based on observations of the geologic record and the understanding that processes observed at present day are similar to those that occurred in the past (uniformitarianism). There are different methods to determine relative and absolute age of some rock layers in the geologic record. Within a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom (superposition). The geologic record can help identify past environmental and climate conditions.
    - Compare ages of fossils in a rock sequence (8-S.2)

LS Life Science

This topic focuses on continuation of the species.
- Diversity of species occurs through gradual processes over many generations. Fossil records provide evidence that changes have occurred in number and types of species.
  - Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed.
  - Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for the survival and reproductive success of an organism or an entire species.
  - Throughout Earth's history, extinction of a species has occurred when the environment changes and the individual organisms of that species do not have the traits necessary to survive and reproduce in the changed environment. Most species (approximately 99 percent) that have lived on Earth are now extinct.
- Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every species.
  - Every organism alive today comes from a long line of ancestors who reproduced successfully every generation. Reproduction is the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. It can occur with mixing of genes from two individuals (sexual reproduction). It can occur with the transfer of genes from one individual to the next generation (asexual reproduction). The ability to reproduce defines living things.
- The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits received from parent(s).
  - Expression of all traits is determined by genes and environmental factors to varying degrees. Many genes influence more than one trait, and many traits are influenced by more than one gene.
  - During reproduction, genetic information (DNA) is transmitted between parent and offspring. In asexual reproduction, the lone parent contributes DNA to the offspring. In sexual reproduction, both parents contribute DNA to the offspring.

PS Physical Science

This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe.
- Forces between objects act when the objects are in direct contact or when they are not touching.
  - Magnetic, electrical and gravitational forces can act at a distance.
- Forces have magnitude and direction.
  - The motion of an object is always measured with respect to a reference point.
  - Forces can be added. The net force on an object is the sum of all of the forces acting on the object. The net force acting on an object can change the object's direction and/or speed.
  - When the net force is greater than zero, the object's speed and/or direction will change.
    - Identify whether objects are accelerating (8-G.6)
  - When the net force is zero, the object remains at rest or continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line.
    - Identify whether objects are accelerating (8-G.6)
- There are different types of potential energy.
  - Gravitational potential energy changes in a system as the masses or relative positions of objects are changed. Objects can have elastic potential energy due to their compression or chemical potential energy due to the nature and arrangement of the atoms that make up the object.

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ESS Earth and Space Science

This topic focuses on the physical features of Earth and how they formed. This includes the interior of Earth, the rock record, plate tectonics and landforms.

The composition and properties of Earth's interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves.

The refraction and reflection of seismic waves as they move through one type of material to another is used to differentiate the layers of Earth's interior. Earth has an inner and outer core, an upper and lower mantle, and a crust.

The formation of the planet generated heat from gravitational energy and the decay of radioactive elements, which are still present today. Heat released from Earth's core drives convection currents throughout the mantle and the crust.

Earth's crust consists of major and minor tectonic plates that move relative to each other.

Historical data and observations such as fossil distribution, paleomagnetism, continental drift and sea-floor spreading contributed to the theory of plate tectonics. The rigid tectonic plates move with the molten rock and magma beneath them in the upper mantle.

Convection currents in the crust and upper mantle cause the movement of the plates. The energy that forms convection currents comes from deep within the Earth.

There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform. Each type of boundary results in specific motion and causes events (such as earthquakes or volcanic activity) or features (such as mountains or trenches) that are indicative of the type of boundary.

A combination of constructive and destructive geologic processes formed Earth's surface.

Earth's surface is formed from a variety of different geologic processes, including but not limited to plate tectonics.

Evidence of the dynamic changes of Earth's surface through time is found in the geologic record.

LS Life Science

This topic focuses on continuation of the species.

Diversity of species occurs through gradual processes over many generations. Fossil records provide evidence that changes have occurred in number and types of species.

Fossils provide important evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed.

Changes in environmental conditions can affect how beneficial a trait will be for the survival and reproductive success of an organism or an entire species.

Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of every species.

The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits received from parent(s).

Expression of all traits is determined by genes and environmental factors to varying degrees. Many genes influence more than one trait, and many traits are influenced by more than one gene.

During reproduction, genetic information (DNA) is transmitted between parent and offspring. In asexual reproduction, the lone parent contributes DNA to the offspring. In sexual reproduction, both parents contribute DNA to the offspring.

PS Physical Science

This topic focuses on forces and motion within, on and around the Earth and within the universe.

Forces between objects act when the objects are in direct contact or when they are not touching.

Magnetic, electrical and gravitational forces can act at a distance.

Forces have magnitude and direction.

The motion of an object is always measured with respect to a reference point.

Forces can be added. The net force on an object is the sum of all of the forces acting on the object. The net force acting on an object can change the object's direction and/or speed.

When the net force is greater than zero, the object's speed and/or direction will change.

When the net force is zero, the object remains at rest or continues to move at a constant speed in a straight line.

There are different types of potential energy.

Gravitational potential energy changes in a system as the masses or relative positions of objects are changed. Objects can have elastic potential energy due to their compression or chemical potential energy due to the nature and arrangement of the atoms that make up the object.